“…The formation of vertical and horizontal relationships are explained by access to resources or the combination of complementary resources (Casanueva et al, 2015); the optimization of the productive process through the reduction of uncertainty and costs of transactions (Thorelli, 1986), enhanced production flexibility, environment adaptation and information access (Miles and Snow, 1986;Hoffmann et al, 2014); and learning, economies of scale and scope and innovation (Labben and Mungall, 2007;Verschoore et al, 2016). Tourism literature usually considers interorganizational relations as desirable for both firm and destination performance (Volgger and Pechlaner, 2015;Denicolai et al, 2016;Mwesiumo and Halpern, 2017;Silva et al, 2020).…”