The influence of the thin-layer flow cell design on the mass spectra when coupling electrochemistry to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

Zettersten, Camilla; Lomoth, Reiner; Hammarström, Leif; Sjöberg, Per J. R.; Nyholm, Leif

doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.02.028

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…In the case of the thin‐layer flow‐by EC cell, special consideration must be taken such that the counter electrode products are not observed in the mass spectra nor do they react with products formed at the WE (i.e. redox cycling) ,. This can be accomplished by positioning the CE away from the cell outlet, and closer to the RE, compared to initial thin‐layer cell designs .…”

Section: Electrochemical Cells Coupled To Online Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…redox cycling) ,. This can be accomplished by positioning the CE away from the cell outlet, and closer to the RE, compared to initial thin‐layer cell designs . In all cell designs, EC cell response time should be optimized.…”

Section: Electrochemical Cells Coupled To Online Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all cell designs, EC cell response time should be optimized. Analyte interaction time with the WE can be limited by placing the WE immediately before the Taylor cone, such that transfer time between the EC cell and ionization can be reduced . Redox buffering with antioxidant agents, such as ascorbic acid, hydroquinones, or glutathiones, can be used to further control sample electrolysis .…”

Section: Electrochemical Cells Coupled To Online Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electrochemical Aspects of Mass Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and Ambient Ionization for Bioanalysis

Yuill

Baker

2017

ChemElectroChem

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This MiniReview details the evolution and present state of combined electrochemical (EC) and atmospheric pressure sampling/ionization mass spectrometric (MS) techniques, with an emphasis on biologically relevant investigations. Particular attention is paid to how innate EC processes can be exploited to gain additional information about an analyte, and how these effects influence experimental design. A general overview of EC‐MS techniques underscores the complementary nature of the two techniques.

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Section: Electrochemical Cells Coupled To Online Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemical Cells Coupled To Online Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemical Cells Coupled To Online Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Electrochemical Aspects of Mass Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and Ambient Ionization for Bioanalysis

Yuill

Baker

2017

ChemElectroChem

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“…Electrochemistry (EC) is not capable of mimicking reactions which require the initial abstraction of protons, including aliphatic hydroxylation, N-oxidation, O-dealkylation, and hydroxylation of unsubstituted aromatic compounds [12]. Several reviews deal with the potential and limitations of this technique, influences on the cell design and further technical developments, including the miniaturization of this approach [13][14][15][16][17]. With respect to the investigation of drug-protein adducts, Lohmann et al applied EC/LC-MS to generate reactive phase I metabolites of the drugs acetaminophen, amodiaquine, and clozapine, which were further allowed to react with a model protein (β-lactoglobulin A) and human serum albumin, thus generating enough drug-protein adducts for further investigations [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of the oxidative metabolism of diclofenac by electrochemistry/(liquid chromatography/)mass spectrometry

et al. 2012

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Diclofenac is a frequently prescribed drug for rheumatic diseases and muscle pain. In rare cases, it may be associated with a severe hepatotoxicity. In literature, it is discussed whether this toxicity is related to the oxidative phase I metabolism, resulting in electrophilic quinone imines, which can subsequently react with nucleophiles present in the liver in form of glutathione or proteins. In this work, electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry is used as a tool for the simulation of the oxidative pathway of diclofenac. Using this purely instrumental approach, diclofenac was oxidized in a thin layer cell equipped with a boron doped diamond working electrode. Sum formulae of generated oxidation products were calculated based on accurate mass measurements with deviations below 2 ppm. Quinone imines from diclofenac were detected using this approach. It could be shown for the first time that these quinone imines do not react with glutathione exclusively but also with larger molecules such as the model protein β-lactoglobulin A. A tryptic digest of the generated drug-protein adduct confirms that the protein is modified at the only free thiol-containing peptide. This simple and purely instrumental set-up offers the possibility of generating reactive metabolites of diclofenac and to assess their reactivity rapidly and easily.

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“…In these set-ups care is taken to avoid as much as possible the influence of the electrospray potential, which in a normal ESI-MS setup produces a current through the liquid phase between the emitter and up-stream grounding points. Solutions for coupling EC to ESI-MS in various ways have been described by several groups, most notably by van Berkel and coworkers [6,7,[22][23][24][25][26], but also by others [5,[27][28][29]. In many cases the cell and ESI emitter have become integrated, and the emitter is employed as an electrode in the circuit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemistry-Mass Spectrometry in Drug Metabolism and Protein Research

Permentier¹,

Bruins²,

Bischoff

2008

MRMC

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The combination of electrochemistry coupled on-line to mass spectrometry (EC-MS) forms a powerful analytical technique with unique applications in the fields of drug metabolism and proteomics. In this review the latest developments are surveyed from both instrumental and application perspectives. The limitations and solutions for coupling an electrochemical system to a mass spectrometer are discussed. The electrochemical mimicking of drug metabolism, specifically by Cytochrome P450, is high-lighted as an application with high biomedical relevance. The EC-MS analysis of proteins also has promising new applications for both proteomics research and biomarker discovery. EC-MS has furthermore advantages for improved analyte detection with mass spectrometry, both for small molecules and large biomolecules. Finally, potential future directions of development of the technique are briefly discussed.

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The influence of the thin-layer flow cell design on the mass spectra when coupling electrochemistry to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

Cited by 21 publications

References 65 publications

Electrochemical Aspects of Mass Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and Ambient Ionization for Bioanalysis

Electrochemical Aspects of Mass Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and Ambient Ionization for Bioanalysis

Simulation of the oxidative metabolism of diclofenac by electrochemistry/(liquid chromatography/)mass spectrometry

Electrochemistry-Mass Spectrometry in Drug Metabolism and Protein Research

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