The Influence of Thought Suppression and Cognitive Load on Intrusions and Memory Processes Following an Analogue Stressor

Nixon, Reginald D. V.; Cain, Neralie; Nehmy, Thomas J.; Seymour, Melanie

doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.10.004

Cited by 56 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Whether our speculation is borne out when other verbally interfering task are used immediately post-trauma should be tested. The scope of possible such deleterious effects soon after trauma requires delineation, and a range of potentially verbally/ conceptually interfering post-trauma tasks should be considered (see also for example Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995;Nixon, Cain, Nehmy, & Seymour, 2009;Verwoerd, de Jong, & Wessel, 2008). In the meantime, the current data suggest that verbal/conceptual interference during trauma encoding far from being beneficially distracting may actually have an undesired proliferation effect on flashbacks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Is it mere distraction? Peri-traumatic verbal tasks can increase analogue flashbacks but reduce voluntary memory performance

Bourne¹,

Frasquilho²,

Roth³

et al. 2010

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Is it mere distraction? Peri-traumatic verbal tasks can increase analogue flashbacks but reduce voluntary memory performance

Bourne¹,

Frasquilho²,

Roth³

et al. 2010

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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“…The verbal tasks significantly increased intrusions of a trauma film relative to a no-task control condition in one study , Experiment 1), were not significantly different in three studies (Holmes et al, 2010, Experiment 2;Nixon et al, 2007Nixon et al, , 2009, and showed a significant effect in the opposite direction in one study (Krans et al, 2010a). A similar meta-analysis of the results of these five studies on 232 padicipants yielded a nonsignificant effect (z = 0.42, p > .60).…”

Section: Trauma-related Research On Interactions Involving Perceptualmentioning

confidence: 90%

Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Brewin¹

2014

Psychological Bulletin

364

403

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A number of autobiographical memory theories and clinical theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) make claims that are different from standard views of memory and have been the subject of controversy. These claims include the existence of a long-term perceptual memory system supporting conscious experience separate to episodic memory; greater involvement of perceptual memory in the response to emotion-laden and personally meaningful events; increased perceptual memory intrusions accompanied by impaired episodic memory for the traumatic event among PTSD patients; and a lack of association, or inverse association, between indices of voluntary recall and involuntary images relating to the same traumatic materials. In this article I review current research on perceptual memory, which supports the presence of long-term representations that are selective or incomplete reflections of sensory input. The functional independence of perceptual and episodic memory is illustrated by research on verbal overshadowing but is most clearly exemplified by the strong evidence in favor of enhanced perceptual memory and impaired episodic memory in PTSD. Theoretical predictions concerning the relation between perceptual priming and the development of intrusive images, the effect of verbal versus visuospatial secondary tasks on intrusive trauma images, and the independence of voluntary and involuntary memory for the same materials have garnered widespread support. Reasons for the continuing controversy over traumatic memory are discussed, and some implications of the review for general theories of recall and recognition, clinical theories of PTSD, and "special mechanism" views of memory are set out.

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“…It contains fictional scenes depicting physical and sexual violence. The trauma film has been used in previous studies (Nixon et al, 2009a,b) and has been shown to reliably induce physiological and subjective stress responses. Participants were informed in the study advertisement, letter of introduction, and informed consent process that the film clip contained graphic material which could be disturbing, and that they were free to withdraw at any time without penalty.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of a dog reduces subjective but not physiological stress responses to an analog trauma

et al. 2014

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Dogs are known to have stress and anxiety reducing effects. Several studies have shown that dogs are able to calm people during cognitive and performance stressors. Recently, therapy dogs have been proposed as a treatment adjunct for post-traumatic stress disorder patients. In this study we aimed to investigate, whether dogs also have anxiety- and stress reducing effect during “traumatic stressors.” 80 healthy female participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. They were exposed to a “traumatic” film clip (trauma-film-paradigm). For one group of participants a friendly dog was present during the film, one group of participants was accompanied by a friendly human, another control group watched the film with a toy animal and the last group watched the film clip alone. Participants that were accompanied by the dog during the film reported lower anxiety ratings and less negative affect after the film clip as compared to the “toy dog group” and the “alone group.” Results of the “dog group” were comparable to the group that was accompanied by a friendly human. There were no differences in physiological stress responses between the four conditions. Our results show that dogs are able to lessen subjectively experienced stress and anxiety during a “traumatic” stress situation. This effect was comparable to that of social support by a friendly person. Implications for PTSD patients are discussed.

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The Influence of Thought Suppression and Cognitive Load on Intrusions and Memory Processes Following an Analogue Stressor

Cited by 56 publications

References 41 publications

Is it mere distraction? Peri-traumatic verbal tasks can increase analogue flashbacks but reduce voluntary memory performance

Is it mere distraction? Peri-traumatic verbal tasks can increase analogue flashbacks but reduce voluntary memory performance

Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Presence of a dog reduces subjective but not physiological stress responses to an analog trauma

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