The influence of three acoustic alarms on the behaviour of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in a floating pen

Kastelein, Ronald A.; Haan, D. de; Vaughan, N. D.; Staal, C.; Schooneman, N.M.

doi:10.1016/s0141-1136(01)00090-3

Cited by 53 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The Yangtze finless porpoises were fed only during the daytime in this study, similar to feeding regimes generally employed by aquaria and dolphinariums [e.g., Liu et al, 1987;Kastelein et al, 2001]. Daytime-only feeding is presumably more convenient for husbandry schedules and because food is used during the day during shows for the visiting public.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diurnal changes of behavior and respiration of Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) in captivity

Xiao

Wang

2005

Zoo Biol.

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A preliminary study was carried out to investigate diurnal changes of behavior of three, one adult male, one adult female, and one juvenile female, Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) in captivity. The respiration and behavior of the porpoises were recorded for 222 hr across 42 days. Behavioral data were recorded for eight general categories: aerial display and fast swimming, begging for fish, playing, nonsexual socializing, sexual behavior, resting, rubbing, and miscellaneous (i.e., other behaviors not included in the above categories). Each behavioral category was scored using one-zero sampling with 10-min intervals. The adult male showed shorter mean respiratory intervals at night (19:00-7:00 h), whereas the mean respiratory intervals of the females were shorter during the day (7:00-19:00 h). Begging for fish of all individuals, playing of the juvenile female, nonsexual socializing, and miscellaneous behavior of the adult female and resting of the male were observed more easily in the day, and aerial display and fast swimming of the adults and resting of the females were observed more easily at night. No significant diurnal difference was found, however, in the remaining categories of each individual. Each of the three porpoises therefore showed a distinct diurnal pattern, but none was obviously more active in the daytime than during the nighttime. Results suggest that daytime-only feeding schedules may be insufficient to meet the energetic needs of marine mammals that show a 24-hr activity cycle, and that nighttime feeding may be a worthwhile addition to husbandry routines.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diurnal changes of behavior and respiration of Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) in captivity

Xiao

Wang

2005

Zoo Biol.

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“…Behavioural reactions of harbour porpoises to these or similar disturbing sounds observed in laboratory or field experiments were schooling (Dudok van Heel 1962, Kastelein et al 1995, Koschinski & Culik 1997, fast swimming (Kastelein et al 1995(Kastelein et al , 1997, increased surfacing rate (Kastelein et al 1997(Kastelein et al , 2000 and avoidance by staying in the distant area of their pool or net enclosure (Kastelein et al 1995(Kastelein et al , 1997(Kastelein et al , 2000.…”

Section: Avoidance Of Sound Stimulusmentioning

confidence: 97%

Behavioural reactions of free-ranging porpoises and seals to the noise of a simulated 2 MW windpower generator

Koschinski¹,

Culik²,

Henriksen³

et al. 2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

117

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Operational underwater noise emitted at 8 m s -1 by a 550 kW WindWorld wind-turbine was recorded from the sea and modified to simulate a 2 MW wind-turbine. The sound was replayed from an audio CD through a car CD-player and a J-13 transducer. The maximum sound energy was emitted between 30 and 800 Hz with peak source levels of 128 dB (re 1 µPa 2 Hz -1 at 1 m) at 80 and 160 Hz (1/3-octave centre frequencies). This simulated 2 MW wind-turbine noise was played back on calm days (<1 Beaufort) to free-ranging harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena and harbour seals Phoca vitulina in Fortune Channel, Vancouver Island, Canada. Swimming tracks of porpoises and surfacings of seals were recorded with an electronic theodolite situated on a clifftop 14 m above sea level. Echolocation activity of harbour porpoises close to the sound source was recorded simultaneously via an electronic click detector placed below the transducer. In total we tracked 375 porpoise groups and 157 seals during play-back experiments, and 380 porpoise groups and 141 surfacing seals during controls. Both species showed a distinct reaction to wind-turbine noise. Surfacings in harbour seals were recorded at larger distances from the sound source (median = 284 vs 239 m during controls; p = 0.008, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and closest approaches increased from a median of 120 to 182 m (p < 0.001) in harbour porpoises. Furthermore, the number of time intervals during which porpoise echolocation clicks were detected increased by a factor of 2 when the sound source was active (19.6% of all 1 min intervals as opposed to 8.4% of all intervals during controls; p < 0.001).These results show that harbour porpoises and harbour seals are able to detect the low-frequency sound generated by offshore wind-turbines. Controlled exposure experiments such as the one described here are a first step to assess the impact on marine mammals of the new offshore wind-turbine industry.

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“…By contrast, factors influencing aversiveness of other sounds are poorly understood and have only been investigated with respect to stimulus amplitude (Campbell, 1957;Kastelein et al, 2006a), practical applications (Blackshaw et al, 1990;Kastelein et al, 2001;Talling et al, 1998) or the use of sound as a reinforcing stimulus (Campbell and Bloom, 1965). An aversive stimulus is an unpleasant or noxious stimulus, which induces an avoidance response in an animal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aversiveness of sounds in phocid seals: psycho-physiological factors, learning processes and motivation

Götz

Janik

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYAversiveness of sounds and its underlying physiological mechanisms in mammals are poorly understood. In this study we tested the influence of psychophysical parameters, motivation and learning processes on the aversiveness of anthropogenic underwater noise in phocid seals (Halichoerus grypus and Phoca vitulina). We compared behavioural responses of seals to playbacks of sounds based on a model of sensory unpleasantness for humans, sounds from acoustic deterrent devices and sounds with assumed neutral properties in different contexts of food motivation. In a captive experiment with food presentation, seals habituated quickly to all sound types presented at normalised received levels of 146 dB re. 1 mPa (r.m.s., root mean square). However, the fast habituation of avoidance behaviour was also accompanied by a weak sensitisation process affecting dive times and place preference in the pool. Experiments in the wild testing animals without food presentation revealed differential responses of seals to different sound types. We observed avoidance behaviour at received levels of 135-144 dB re. 1 mPa (sensation levels of 59-79 dB). In this experiment, sounds maximised for 'roughness' perceived as unpleasant by humans also caused the strongest avoidance responses in seals, suggesting that sensory pleasantness may be the result of auditory processing that is not restricted to humans. Our results highlight the importance of considering the effects of acoustic parameters other than the received level as well as animal motivation and previous experience when assessing the impacts of anthropogenic noise on animals.

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The influence of three acoustic alarms on the behaviour of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in a floating pen

Cited by 53 publications

References 13 publications

Diurnal changes of behavior and respiration of Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) in captivity

Diurnal changes of behavior and respiration of Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) in captivity

Behavioural reactions of free-ranging porpoises and seals to the noise of a simulated 2 MW windpower generator

Aversiveness of sounds in phocid seals: psycho-physiological factors, learning processes and motivation

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