The influence of tobacco smoking on dental periapical condition in a sample of an adult population of the Łódź region, Poland

Abstract

Objectives: Epidemiological studies show that apical periodontitis (AP), alongside tooth decay, is the most common oral disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of smoking on the prevalence of AP in the population of the Łódź region, Poland. Material and Methods: The study involved 815 first-time, randomly selected patients reporting to the Central Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz. The studied group was a systematic sample of the population admitted for treatment in 2016. The study consisted of a questionnaire and a radiological part. Each patient filled out a questionnaire containing demographic data, and an interview regarding smoking and diabetes. The radiological part of the study included the analysis of panoramic radiographs which showed the periapical status, and the presence and quality of root canal treatment. Results: Teeth with AP were observed more frequently in patients addicted to tobacco either at the time of the study or in the past (group 1)-7.2% than in people who had never smoked (group 2)-5.2% (p < 0.0005). In the teeth without root canal treatment, AP was observed more frequently in group 1-3.5% than in group 2-1.9% (p < 0.0005). A statistically significant difference was found in the percentage of endodontically treated teeth between group 1 and group 2 (10.7% vs. 9.6%) (p = 0.017). However, no difference was observed in the frequency of AP in the endodontically treated teeth in both groups (37.6% vs. 35.8%) (p = 0.451). Conclusions: Smokers are a group facing an increased risk of AP and, therefore, there is a need for an early detection and treatment of caries and its complications in this group of patients. The multifactorial etiology of AP indicates the necessity to undertake further studies on the effect of smoking on the periapical status.

Impact of systemic health on treatment outcomes in endodontics

“…Regarding the possible influence of smoking in the outcome of RCT, several cross‐sectional studies have not found an association between smoking and the presence of RPL in RFT (Marending et al, 2005; Segura‐Egea et al, 2008, 2011; Sopińska & Bołtacz‐Rzepkowska, 2020; Table 2, top). On the contrary, the study of Jansson (2015) reported a significant correlation between smoking and the prevalence of RFT with AP.…”

“…A systematic review concluded that smokers have a prevalence of AP and RCT that is greater than 2.5 times higher than nonsmokers (Pinto et al, 2020). Several studies have also found that smoking is associated with higher prevalence of RCT (Segura-Egea et al, 2008, 2011Sopińska & Bołtacz-Rzepkowska, 2020). RCT has been shown to be almost two times more prevalent in smokers, with a dose-response relationship (Krall et al, 2006).…”

Smoking and Radiolucent Periapical Lesions in Root Filled Teeth: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Four studies were finally included in the analysis: (1) Segura-Egea et al (2008) [24]; (2) Segura-Egea et al (2011) [51]; (3) Jansson (2015) [52]; (4) Sopi ńska and Bołtacz-Rzepkowska (2020) [53]. Study design, study sample, diagnosis of RPL, main results, and evidence level are summarized in Table 2.…”

“…Finally, the recent study conducted by Sopi ńska and Bołtacz-Rzepkowska [53] aimed to evaluate the influence of smoking on the prevalence of AP in the population of the Łódź region, Poland. Results show no difference in the frequency of RFT with AP between smokers (37.6%) and control subjects (35.8%) (OR = 1.08; 95% CI = 0.88-1.33; p = 0.451).…”

<p>The Effect of Smoking Habit on Apical Status of Adequate Endodontically Treated Teeth with and Without Periodontal Involvement</p>

“…The OPG was used to show all teeth in a single x-ray, easy of using OPG, in addition to decreasing the lost time of x-ray taken by intraoral periapical x-ray (PA x-ray) films to achieve complete mouth radiography (we need approximately 14 periapical x-rays at minimum to show all teeth while single OPG can give accepted information about RCT teeth). 23,24 Viewing the radiography was standardized as all films were examined in a unified level of indoor-illumination/light intensity (darkened room), radiographs were shown on a computer screen in which the light could be controlled using "Carestream R " software for the best possible contrast.…”