“…HHI-related research has focused on individuals which chronic disease such as HIV/AIDS (Herth, 1990), cancer (Chen, 2003 ;Herth, 1990 ;Herth, 2000 ;Lin et al, 2003 ;Wonghongkul, 2000), myotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Hirano et al, 2006), as well as other individuals suffering chronic difficulties such as the elderly (Koizumi et al, 1999), certain categories of workers (Konishi and Esaki, 2004), and family members providing palliative home care (Chapman and Pepler, 1998). Factors found to contribute to the HHI score include sex, income, marital status, length of illness (Herth, 1992 ;Konishi and Esaki, 2004), specific illness diagnosis (Herth, 1990), pain and other forms of physical suffering (Chen, 2003 ;Herth, 1992 ;Hirano et al, 2006 ;Lin et al, 2003), uncer tainty (Wonghongkul, 2000), illness-related wor ries and frustrations, social difficulties, psychoso cial support, and happiness (Hirano et al, 2006).…”