for their guidance and support throughout the course of this research. I am greatly in debt to my fiancée and parents, who have provided me unconditional support and love all these years. Words are not enough to mention all the things they have done for me. I would never be able to complete my study without their support and love. I would like to thank my colleagues, collaborators, research assistants in my lab, my former adviser Dr. Sylvia Chen and her lab, my mentor Prof. Michael Bond who introduced me to cultural psychology, the ISU department faculty and staff for their help, suggestions and encouragement. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to those who were willing to participate in my studies, without whom, this dissertation would not have been possible.