“…During the past five decades several studies have investigated the effects of various contaminants on fish olfaction, with metals being the most studied class of contaminant. While the effect of copper on olfaction has received most of the attention (Hara et al, 1976;Julliard et al, 1996;Beyers and Farmer, 2001;Baldwin et al, 2003;Carreau and Pyle, 2005;Bettini et al, 2006;Sandahl et al, 2006;Kolmakov et al, 2009;Dew et al, 2012Dew et al, , 2014, other metals such as nickel (Brown et al, 1982;Tallkvist et al, 1998;Dew et al, 2014), zinc (Brown et al, 1982;Cancalon, 1982;Kuz'mina, 2011), and cadmium (Baker and Montgomery, 2001;Scott et al, 2003;Blechinger et al, 2007) have also been studied. Regardless of the extensive efforts to explore the effects of copper on olfaction, the underlying mechanism of olfactory toxicity of copper remains unknown.…”