The influences of working memory representations on long-range regression in text reading: an eye-tracking study

Tanaka, Teppei; Sugimoto, Masunori; Tanida, Yuki; Saito, Satoru

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00765

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…For all three RSTs, participants were told that they need to read the sentences on the computer screen aloud while retaining targets and recall them orally (Figure 2). The procedure was based on a previous study (e.g., Tanaka, Sugimoto, Tanida, & Saito, 2014). After two practice trials, they completed the standard Japanese RST first and then the two conditions of person RSTs (the order of the two conditions were counterbalanced).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Person-based organisation in working memory

Ishiguro

Saito

2018

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Working memory (WM) helps maintain information during a variety of cognitive activities in scholastic and social situations. This study focused on a social aspect of WM, specifically, how it maintains information related to people. We investigated person-based organisation of information across four experiments using the reading span task (RST). Person information (i.e., an occupational title) was provided with sentences manipulated across conditions. In Experiment 1, consistent with the assumption that person-based organisation exists in WM, participants performed better when they could easily organise target items in a person-based manner (person-based organisation) than when they were prevented from using such information. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the process of person-based organisation using alphabetical letters as targets (unlike words in Experiment 1), which prevented possible semantic associations between person information and target items. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, suggesting that contextual retrieval is critical in person-based organisation. Experiment 3 showed the person-based organisation effect even after controlling for the difficulty of the process component in the RST. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 suggest that person information could serve as contextual retrieval cues in WM. Experiment 4, which did not show the organisation effect based on information about an object (i.e., a fruit name), suggests along with Experiments 1 to 3 that the observed organisation effect in Experiments 1 to 3 was specific to person information. In addition to showing the enhanced WM performance by person-based organisation, we have suggested contextual cue-dependent retrieval as the underlying cognitive process.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Person-based organisation in working memory

Ishiguro

Saito

2018

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…The spatial mapping of text has been shown to be important for planning regressive saccades when static text is read, and is suggested to be reliant on a visual working memory buffer (Kennedy, 1982;Tanaka, Sugimoto, Tanida, & Saito, 2014).…”

Section: Horizontally Scrolling Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oculomotor and linguistic processing effects in reading dynamic horizontally scrolling text.

Harvey¹,

Godwin²,

Fitzsimmons³

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Two experiments are reported investigating oculomotor behavior and linguistic processing when reading dynamic horizontally scrolling text (compared to reading normal static text). Three factors known to modulate processing time in normal reading were investigated: Word length and word frequency were examined in Experiment 1, and target word predictability in Experiment 2. An analysis of global oculomotor behavior across the 2 experiments showed that participants made fewer and longer fixations when reading scrolling text, with shorter progressive and regressive saccades between these fixations. Comparisons of the linguistic manipulations showed evidence of a dissociation between word-level and sentence-level processing. Word-level processing (Experiment 1) was preserved for the dynamic scrolling text condition with no difference in length and frequency effects between scrolling and static text formats. However, sentence-level integration (Experiment 2) was reduced for scrolling compared to static text in that we obtained no early facilitation effect for predictable words under scrolling text conditions.

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Section: Working Memory and Selective Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Meghanathan et al (2015) investigate whether the availability of working memory resources can be predicted from oculometric parameters, such as eye fixation duration and pupil size. Moreover, Tanaka et al (2014) use eye-tracking methodology to investigate to what degree individual differences in working memory capacity are predictive of word relocation processes during reading.Overall, we are convinced that the studies in the current Research Topic provide much food for thought, as well as inspiration to keep up the empirical work on the interplay between selective attention and working memory. We would explicitly like to thank all the authors for their contributions as well as the reviewers for their critical reading.…”

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confidence: 99%

Turning the Mind’s Eye Inward: The Interplay between Selective Attention and Working Memory

2016

Frontiers Research Topics

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Working memory refers to an intriguing and essential problem in cognitive science: How does the brain succeed in maintaining information for certain duration and perform mental operations on the stored information? An important avenue in tackling this issue stems from the relatively well-defined domain of selective attention. The role of selective attention in working memory has become increasingly dominant over the last decades as information stored in working memory has been shown to modulate (external) selective attention processing-and vice versa (for reviews see e.g., Awh and Jonides, 2001;Kiyonaga and Egner, 2013). Indeed, whereas attentional components in traditional working memory models typically relate to executive mechanisms assumed to control and supervise dedicated working memory buffers (e.g., Baddeley and Hitch, 1974;Baddeley, 2000), more recent models envisage working memory as directly and specifically emerging from selective attention turned to long-term memory representations (e.g., Cowan, 1999;Oberauer, 2009).Despite the prominent role that selective attentional models of working memory play in current cognitive science, there is still much work to do in determining the precise implications of these models for specific aspects and characteristics of working memory-in both healthy and neuropsychological populations. The current Research Topic in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience aims to contribute to this challenge and offers novel empirical observations, state-of-the-art reviews, and intriguing theoretical proposals that illuminate the interplay between selective attention and working memory. In general, these contributions can be categorized into three broad classes of studies:First, the majority of the papers involve empirical or theoretical efforts directly aimed at a better understanding of the interplay between selective attention and working memory. Camos and Barrouillet (2014) review the literature and identify attentional and non-attentional mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance of information in verbal working memory. Vergauwe and Cowan (2014) conclude on the basis of a review that attentional search within working memory happens at a high-speed processing rate of about 35-40 ms per item, and propose that this rate reflects the involvement of gamma oscillations in the brain. Pedale and Santangelo (2015) investigated to what degree sensory saliency of the item information during encoding modulates the current contents of WM during recollection. van Moorselaar et al. (2015) focus on the reverse relationship and investigate the time course in which information in working memory is protected against interfering visual input. Zokaei et al. (2014) tackle an outstanding question about the representational state of items in working memory that are not prioritized by attentional focusing. Abrahamse et al. (2014) hypothesize that serial order coding in verbal working memory appeals to the spatial attention system and thereby can be synthesized with selective attentional models on working...

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The influences of working memory representations on long-range regression in text reading: an eye-tracking study

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Person-based organisation in working memory

Person-based organisation in working memory

Oculomotor and linguistic processing effects in reading dynamic horizontally scrolling text.

Turning the Mind’s Eye Inward: The Interplay between Selective Attention and Working Memory

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