“…Early studies, e.g., Manaster and Rendleman Jr. (1982) and Bhattacharya (1987) find that options market leads the underlying asset market in revealing information, but more recent studies, e.g., Stephan and Whaley (1990), Chan, Chung, and Johnson (1993), Easley, O'Hara, and Srinivas (1998), Jarnecic (1999), Chan, Chung, and Fong (2002) and Chakravarty, Gulen, and Mayhew (2004), have essentially reversed the conclusion.…”