“…It exhibits immunomodulatory activities, such as suppression of TNF-induce activation of NF-κB [37], the suppression of NK cell activity [38,39], endotoxin-induced production of inflammatory cytokines [40][41][42][43][44][45], nitric oxide synthetase from macrophage and cardiac myocytes [46,47], and abrogation of E-selectin expression in endothelial cells [41]. Vesnarinone also causes agranulocytosis by impairing stromal functions and cytokine inhibition [48,49], and in- Nerve growth factor (NGF) [15] Retinoic acid (RA) [10,13,18,22,25,[27][28][29][30] Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [23] Active form vitamin D3 [11,21] Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ (PPARγ) [26,32] 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) [13] Hexamethylene-bis-acetamide (HMBA) [23] Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) [24] Interferon-α (INF-α) [23] Interferon-β (INF-β) [13] Butyric acid (BA) [20,21,23] Cyclic-AMP (cAMP) [14,16] Histone deacetylase inhibitor [19] Vesnarinone [1, 2, 33, 53-56, 64-73, 79-81] hibits immune-mediated hepatic injury [50]. In addition, ...…”