2012
DOI: 10.3390/e14081399
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The Initial Common Pathway of Inflammation, Disease, and Sudden Death

Abstract: Abstract:In reviewing the literature pertaining to interfacial water, colloidal stability, and cell membrane function, we are led to propose that a cascade of events that begins with acute exogenous surfactant-induced interfacial water stress can explain the etiology of sudden death syndrome (SDS), as well as many other diseases associated with modern times. A systemic lowering of serum zeta potential mediated by exogenous cationic surfactant administration is the common underlying pathophysiology. The cascade… Show more

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Cited by 25 publications
(73 citation statements)
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References 278 publications
(423 reference statements)
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“…Based on these and subsequent studies, many ions have been classified as "kosmotropes" or "chaotropes" depending on their inferred "structure-making" or "structure-breaking" effects on surrounding water molecules [41][42][43][44] , a quintessential exogenous interfacial water stressor, are covered extensively in Sections 5 and 6 below. In contrast, as discussed earlier [2], sulfate's beneficial lowering of surface tension and raising of the zeta potential of suspended molecules and cells in the bloodstream toward more-negative values are maximized at about 0.5 mM, the concentration of sulfate in blood plasma (the zeta potential of a colloidal particle, a quantity closely related to its net surface charge and the amount and types of ions present in the medium in which it is suspended, can be readily determined by measuring the mobility of the particle in the medium under the influence of an applied electric field (electrophoresis) [45]. Most biological colloids have a net negative surface charge; hence, a higher (more negative) zeta potential indicates a greater tendency for the particle to resist coagulation or agglomeration with other, similarly-charged particles).…”
Section: Interaction With Small Solutescontrasting
confidence: 41%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Based on these and subsequent studies, many ions have been classified as "kosmotropes" or "chaotropes" depending on their inferred "structure-making" or "structure-breaking" effects on surrounding water molecules [41][42][43][44] , a quintessential exogenous interfacial water stressor, are covered extensively in Sections 5 and 6 below. In contrast, as discussed earlier [2], sulfate's beneficial lowering of surface tension and raising of the zeta potential of suspended molecules and cells in the bloodstream toward more-negative values are maximized at about 0.5 mM, the concentration of sulfate in blood plasma (the zeta potential of a colloidal particle, a quantity closely related to its net surface charge and the amount and types of ions present in the medium in which it is suspended, can be readily determined by measuring the mobility of the particle in the medium under the influence of an applied electric field (electrophoresis) [45]. Most biological colloids have a net negative surface charge; hence, a higher (more negative) zeta potential indicates a greater tendency for the particle to resist coagulation or agglomeration with other, similarly-charged particles).…”
Section: Interaction With Small Solutescontrasting
confidence: 41%
“…Indeed, in an earlier review, we proposed exogenous interfacial water stress (EIWS), a pathological increase in water tension at biological interfaces such as cell surfaces, as the initial stage in a common pathway to inflammation and thrombohemorrhagic phenomena, including sudden death [2]. Building on our prior review [2], we describe in Section 3 our "central hypothesis" that EIWS causes a sequence of events in extracellular and intracellular space that can lead to a variety of pathological responses. Sections 4-6 survey the extensive literature that provides strong support for each step in our proposed path to oncologic, infectious, and neurologic disease states.…”
Section: Introduction: Is Biomacromolecular Dysfunction a Cause Or Bimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Aluminum is expected to induce biosemiotic entropy through multiple pathways [22,63,64]. Its +3 charge and highly kosmotropic properties make it extremely destructive in water-based biological systems.…”
Section: Mechanisms Of Aluminum and Mercury Toxicitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In particular, the level of free sulfate in the blood stream was only 33% of the level found in control subjects. We hypothesize that sulfate deficiency results in insufficient ionic buffering in the vasculature, with grossly inadequate sulfation of the extracellular matrix proteins that are essential for proper colloidal suspension of particles and cells [21,22].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The key problem may be insufficient sulfate supply to alleviate their cholesterol burden. Blood sulfate levels may be biophysically-determined by the JonesRay effect [83] and the long-range dynamic water structuring property of sulfate [73].…”
Section: Red Blood Cells and Cardiovascular Diseasementioning
confidence: 99%