“…In chelonians, diseases have been frequently reported due to trauma (burns or fractures), malnutrition (calcium-related failure, vitamin D3 or environmental lighting), metabolic/genetic factors and a variety of bacteria or fungal infections (Keymer, 1978a, b;Frye, 1991;Homer et al, 1998;Lafortune et al, 2005;Barten, 2006;Mader, 2006a, b;Adkesson et al, 2007). Injuries on the tortoise's carapace and plastron are often observed in the wild, but most of the cases are relatively mild (Buică et al, 2014). Skin and shell infections are caused by either bacteria or fungi (Mader, 2006a) and all the disturbances occurring in the life of a tortoise are inscribed as a message on its shell (Lynn & Ullrich, 1950).…”