The innovative development in interferon beta treatments of relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis

Madsen, Claus

doi:10.1002/brb3.696

Cited by 49 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In contrast, Reboldi and colleagues reported a significant earlier EAE onset in mice lacking CH25H, supposedly mediated by increased IL‐1β secretion by CH25H‐deficient Mϕ s. Thus, it was shown that 25‐OHC, produced by the action of CH25H in Mϕ s, works in an autocrine manner to inhibit the production of IL‐1β . Since type 1 IFNs induce the expression of CH25H, this mechanism may explain why MS patients benefit from treatment with interferon beta . However, in this study, the 25‐OHC‐mediated repression of IL‐1β was shown to be caused by its direct inhibition of sterol response element‐binding protein processing and thus was not assumed to be dependent on EBI2 .…”

Section: Ebi2 In Local Immunity and Autoimmune Diseasescontrasting

confidence: 64%

EBI2 in splenic and local immune responses and in autoimmunity

Barington

Wanke

Arfelt

et al. 2018

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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The seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor EBV-induced gene 2 (EBI2), also known as GPR183, is expressed in particular in immune cells. Activated by its endogenous ligands, which are a group of oxysterols, it functions as a chemo-attractant receptor, mediating cell migration. In coordination with other receptors, EBI2 plays important roles in controlling the migration of immune cells during the course of a T-dependent Ab response in the spleen. In recent years, it has become clear that EBI2 also has other roles to play in the immune system. Thus, EBI2 seems to be involved in innate immune responses, such as those mediated by TLR signaling, and it has been implicated in regional immune responses, including immune responses in the CNS. In this review, we describe the functions of EBI2 in B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells during the course of a T-dependent Ab response in the spleen. Furthermore, we review the existing evidence supporting a role for EBI2 in local immune responses and in autoimmune diseases, with a special focus on immune responses in the CNS. Finally, we discuss which type of role EBI2 may play in autoimmune diseases, and we give our opinion about the paths of future research in EBI2.

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Section: Ebi2 In Local Immunity and Autoimmune Diseasescontrasting

confidence: 64%

EBI2 in splenic and local immune responses and in autoimmunity

Barington

Wanke

Arfelt

et al. 2018

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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“…efore the 1990s, treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) largely comprised the management of relapses, primarily with systemic corticosteroids, and short-term management of symptoms. 1 The first two injectable interferon beta (IFNβ) therapies were approved in 1993 and 1996 and allowed clinicians to offer patients with MS a longer-term therapy designed to modify the course of the disease. Since then, the therapeutic landscape has expanded to include new drug targets and other disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), affording more treatment options.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interferons in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Filipi¹,

Jack²

2019

International Journal of MS Care

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Interferon (IFN) beta was the first disease-modifying therapy (DMT) available to treat multiple sclerosis (MS), providing patients with a treatment that resulted in reduced relapse rates and delays in the onset of disability. Four IFN beta drugs are currently approved to treat relapsing forms of MS: subcutaneous (SC) IFN beta-1b, SC IFN beta-1a, intramuscular IFN beta-1a, and, most recently, SC peginterferon beta-1a. Peginterferon beta-1a has an extended half-life and requires less frequent administration than with other available treatments (once every 2 weeks vs. every other day, 3 times per week, or weekly). Large, randomized controlled clinical trials have confirmed the efficacy of IFNs for treatment of relapsing MS. The most frequent adverse events experienced by patients receiving IFNs include injection site reactions (ISRs) and flu-like symptoms (FLS). Patient education and mitigation strategies are key to managing ISRs and FLS and supporting therapy adherence. With fewer injections needed, peginterferon beta-1a is associated with less frequent discomfort, which may translate to improved adherence, a major factor in treatment efficacy. Because the available IFN therapies differ in administration route and frequency of injection, switching among these therapies may be a viable option for patients who experience issues with tolerability. While there are now a number of DMTs available to treat relapsing MS, the efficacy and long-term safety profile of IFNs make them an important first-line option for treatment.

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“…26 However, besides IFN-b, several other disease modifying therapies have been approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, interferons retain the standard care in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. 27 Most of the new concerning researches focus on the development of new therapeutic agents and pay less attention to the formulation of present drugs in order to improve the therapeutic and to decrease the side effects. 28 The reason in the case of IFN-b is surely its high cost.…”

Section: Bsa and Ifn-b Release Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%