The insect vector <i>Cacopsylla picta</i> vertically transmits the bacterium ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Phytoplasma mali’ to its progeny

Mittelberger, Cecilia; Obkircher, Lisa; Oettl, Sabine; Oppedisano, Tiziana; Pedrazzoli, F.; Panassiti, Bernd; Kerschbamer, Christine; Anfora, G.; Janik, Katrin

doi:10.1111/ppa.12653

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Phytoplasma mali'-infection rates of C. picta in South Tyrol are usually higher than those of C. melanoneura, another AP vector (0.6% compared to 11.6%, [26]). Moreover, C. picta is assumed to be the more effective AP vector because it was shown to be able to vertically transmit the pathogen to its offspring [6]. Therefore, the finding that the vector is not correlated with AP symptoms is unexpected but agrees with the vector-symptomatic plant relationship of "bois noir," a phytoplasma disease on grapevines [17].…”

Section: Influence Of Environment On Apple Proliferation Epidemiologysupporting

confidence: 70%

“…In infected apple trees, the phytoplasma resides in phloem tubes and is transmitted by phloem-sucking insect vectors during feeding activity. In South Tyrol, Northern Italy, the most efficient AP vector is Cacopsylla picta (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) [6].…”

Section: Case Study: Apple Proliferationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phytoplasma detection based on a SYBR green real-time PCR was carried out as described in [6]. AP infection status of apple trees was assessed by trained and experienced professionals using visual inspection.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Bayesian Inference to Investigate the Influence of Environmental Factors on a Phytoplasma Disease

Panassiti¹

2018

New Insights Into Bayesian Inference

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Phytoplasma diseases cause major economic damage on crops worldwide. To draw inferences from such a system, joint estimation of dependencies and high flexibility in the model structure are required. Using Bayesian inference, the aim of this chapter was to infer the apple proliferation (AP) disease epidemiology in South Tyrol, Italy. The data consisted of (1) presence/absence of the AP vector Cacopsylla picta collected in 44 orchards in 2014; (2) prevalence of the AP pathogen "Candidatus Phytoplasma mali" in the vector population; and (3) AP symptomatic trees visually assessed in 2015. Generalized linear mixed models evaluated in a Bayesian framework were used to test species-environment relationships. The model results indicated that the occurrence of the AP vector and symptomatic plants are positively influenced by elevation and temperature and negatively by management. Vector and pathogen predictions in the disease symptoms model correlated negatively or not at all with the prevalence of AP symptoms occurrence. In conclusion, the model results suggest that the presence/absence of the AP vector alone may not be the only cause for disease occurrence. Considering factors such as phytoplasma transmission via root-bridges and specific management strategies, may help to improve inference and finally to optimize the existing pest management.

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Section: Influence Of Environment On Apple Proliferation Epidemiologysupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Case Study: Apple Proliferationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Bayesian Inference to Investigate the Influence of Environmental Factors on a Phytoplasma Disease

Panassiti¹

2018

New Insights Into Bayesian Inference

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“…Several qPCR protocols are available for the detection of phytoplasmas using different host specific endogenous internal controls [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Some of the available host specific internal controls can be used simultaneously with the phytoplasma specific primers in a multiplex qPCR assay [14,15,18,19], for others it is necessary to perform a separate qPCR run [20]. However, a universal endogenous control for the simultaneous detection of phytoplasma specific targets and phylogenetically different host species DNA is still missing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of a universal endogenous qPCR control for eukaryotic DNA samples

Mittelberger¹,

Obkircher²,

Oberkofler³

et al. 2020

Plant Methods

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Background: Phytoplasma are obligate intracellular plant-pathogenic bacteria that infect a broad range of plant species and are transmitted by different insect species. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is one of the most commonly used techniques for pathogen detection, especially for pathogens that cannot be cultivated outside their host like phytoplasma. PCR analysis requires the purification of total DNA from the sample and subsequent amplification of pathogen DNA with specific primers. The purified DNA contains mainly host DNA and only a marginal proportion is of phytoplasmal origin. Therefore, detection of phytoplasma DNA in a host DNA background must be sensitive, specific and reliable and is highly dependent on the quality and concentration of the purified DNA. DNA quality and concentration and the presence of PCR-inhibitors therefore have a direct impact on pathogen detection. Thus, it is indispensable for PCR-based diagnostic tests to validate the DNA preparation and DNA integrity before interpreting diagnostic results, especially in case that no pathogen DNA is detected. The use of an internal control allows to evaluate DNA integrity and the detection of PCR-inhibiting substances. Internal controls are generally host-specific or limited to a defined group of related species. A control suitable for the broad range of phytoplasma hosts comprising different insect and plant species is still missing. Results: We developed a primer and probe combination that allows amplification of a conserved stretch of the eukaryotic 28S rDNA gene. The developed endogenous qPCR control serves as a DNA quality control and allows the analysis of different eukaryotic host species, including plants, insects, fish, fungi, mammals and human with a single primer/probe set in single-or multiplex assays. Conclusions: Quality and performance control is indispensable for pathogen detection by qPCR. Several plant pathogens are transmitted by insects and have a broad range of host species. The newly developed endogenous control can be used with all so far tested eukaryotic species and since multiplexing is possible, the described primer and probe set can be easily combined with other PCR-based pathogen detection systems.

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“…A suitable combination of various plant hosts and insect vector-mediated transmission are responsible for the horizontal transmission of phytoplasmas between plants (Weintraub & Beanland, 2006). Some studies suggest the possibility of transovarial transmission of phytoplasmas (Alma et al, 1997;Hanboonsong, Choosai, Panyim, & Damak, 2002;Mittelberger et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae) naturally infected with diverse phytoplasmas in Costa Rica

Villalobos

Bottner-Parker

Lee

et al. 2019

RBT

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Phytoplasmas (class Mollicutes) are causal agents of plant diseases with an economic impact on crops or threatening local biodiversity. A survey was conducted from 2012 to 2016 on infected Catharanthus roseus plants that exhibited symptoms reminiscent of phytoplasma infection throughout Costa Rica. A total of 73 plants were collected exhibiting symptoms such as virescence, phyllody, axillary proliferation, little leaf, leaf malformation, chlorosis, or yellowing. All samples were tested by nested PCR using phytoplasma universal and specific primer pairs. Phytoplasma infection was detected in 52 (71.2 %) of the plants collected. Phytoplasmas of six subgroups belonging to 16Sr groups I, III, IX, XIII and XV were identified based on sequencing and in silico RFLP analyses. ´Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris´ (16SrI) was the predominant group among the positive samples (n = 30) showing variety of symptoms and wide distribution from sea level to ca. 1 400 masl in six of the seven Costa Rican provinces. Group 16SrIII was the second most abundant (14 samples); and the remaining three groups were seldom found in C. roseus (8 samples). Moreover, group 16SrXIII phytoplasma was detected for the first time in the country. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of C. roseus with phytoplasma subgroups 16SrI-B, 16SrI-P, 16SrIII-F, 16SrIX-F, 16SrXIII-A, and 16SrXV-B in Costa Rica and Central America.

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The insect vector Cacopsylla picta vertically transmits the bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ to its progeny

Cited by 22 publications

References 27 publications

Using Bayesian Inference to Investigate the Influence of Environmental Factors on a Phytoplasma Disease

Using Bayesian Inference to Investigate the Influence of Environmental Factors on a Phytoplasma Disease

Development of a universal endogenous qPCR control for eukaryotic DNA samples

Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae) naturally infected with diverse phytoplasmas in Costa Rica

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