The Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the RAS Siberian Branch

Kupershtokh, Natalia A.

doi:10.1134/s1019331609030162

Her. Russ. Acad. Sci.

2009

DOI: 10.1134/s1019331609030162

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The Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the RAS Siberian Branch

Natalia A. Kupershtokh¹

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“…This was the first research center in the Soviet Union where post-Lysenko plant and animal genetic research was permitted. Indeed, replacing Lysenkoism was a primary mission of the institute founded by geneticist Nicholei Dubininin during the Khrushchev administration (Kupershtokh 2009). Enthusiastic professors from Moscow, Leningrad, and similar established research centers congregated in rural Akademgorodok, distant from political control.…”

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Inna Golubovskaya: The Life of a Geneticist Studying Meiosis

Cande

Freeling

2011

Genetics

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Maize, with its excellent forward genetics and male sterility screens, was used to identify .50 meiotic mutants representing at least 35 genes that affect key prophase processes such as pairing, synapsis, and homologous recombination. Most of these mutants were found by Inna Golubovskaya during the course of her remarkable career as a cytogeneticist. In addition to undertaking general cytological surveys to classify mutant phenotypes, Golubovskaya focused her efforts on characterizing several key regulatory mutants: ameiotic1 (am1), required to establish the meiotic cell cycle in maize; absence of first division (afd1), required for proper prophase chromosome morphology and for meiotic sister-chromatid cohesion leading to a reductive chromosome segregation at the first meiotic division; and plural abnormalities of meiosis (pam1), required for the clustering of telomeres on the nuclear envelope needed for pairing and synapsis. Her dramatic childhood in Leningrad during its siege in World War II, her fortuitous education in genetics at Leningrad State University, her continued research at the forward-looking Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the USSR Academy of Science Siberian branch, her plight at the fall of the Soviet Union, and her work in America helped engender a unique and valuable plant geneticist. Inna Golubovskaya related this personal history to the authors in conversation. MEIOSIS is the specialized cell division required in all eukaryotes with a sexual life cycle to produce gametes with a haploid content of chromosomes. During meiosis one round of DNA replication is associated with two rounds of chromosome segregation. The general progression of meiosis is conserved evolutionarily, and hence meiotic prophase and chromosome segregation are similar in plants, animals, and fungi. Following S phase, at leptotene, chromosomes condense and the two sister chromatids are held together along their length by the sister-chromatid cohesin complexes that help to form the axial element that runs the length of the leptotene chromosome. The double-strand breaks that initiate homologous recombination usually occur at this stage. At the leptotene-zygotene transition there is a transient remodeling of chromosome architecture that can include the attachment and clustering of telomeres on the nuclear envelope. These events facilitate the pairing of homologous chromosomes. Coincident with pairing, the homologs zip up-i.e., synapse-as a tripartite synaptonemal complex (SC) forms along the length of the two chromosomes between their axial elements. At pachytene, the homologs are completely synapsed and homologous recombination is completed, leading to crossing over between homologs and chiasmata formation. During diplotene and diakinesis, the SCs fall apart as chromosomes condense further. The homologs are held together by the chiasmata until they segregate away from each other at the first meiotic division (MI). During the subsequent second meiotic division (MII), sister chromatids separate from each other to ...

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confidence: 99%

Inna Golubovskaya: The Life of a Geneticist Studying Meiosis

Cande

Freeling

2011

Genetics

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The pushback against state interference in science: how Lysenkoism tried to suppress Genetics and how it was eventually defeated

Ptushenko

2021

Genetics

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Genetics in the Soviet Union (USSR) achieved state-of-the-art results and had reached a peak of development by the mid-1930s due to the efforts of the scientific schools of several major figures, including Sergei Navashin, Nikolai Koltsov, Grigorii Levitsky, Yuri Filipchenko, Nikolai Vavilov, and Solomon Levit. Unfortunately, the Soviet government distrusted intellectually independent science and this led to state support for a fraudulent pseudoscientific concept widely known as Lysenkoism, which hugely damaged biology as a whole. Decades of dominance of the Lysenkoism had ruinous effects and the revival of biology in the USSR in the late 1950s–early 1960s was very difficult. In fact, this was realized to be a problem for Soviet science as a whole, and many mathematicians, physicists, chemists, and other scientists made efforts to rehabilitate genetics and to transfer biology to the “jurisdiction” of science from that of politics. The key events in the history of these attempts to pushback against state interference in science, and to promote the development of genetics and molecular biology, are described in this paper. These efforts included supportive letters to the authorities (e.g., the famous “Letter of three hundred”), (re)publishing articles and giving lectures on “forbidden” science, and organizing laboratories and departments for research in genetics and molecular biology under the cover of nuclear physics or of other projects respected by the government and Communist party leaders. The result was that major figures in the hard sciences played a major part in the revival of genetics and biology in the USSR.

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Without Anger and Partiality”

Hamblin

2024

Agricultural History

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This article explores atomic agriculture through the lens of political shelter, focusing on examples from the United States, the Soviet Union, and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Enthusiasm for atomic energy techniques, especially in the 1950s and early 1960s, was an abnormality in the sense that their perceived value—to society possibly, to governments certainly—overruled conventional arguments. Though later debates about atomic energy often revolved around safety and health effects, most of the early criticisms were more mundane, typically turning on whether they ever would be economically viable. Occasionally the criticism was more severe, as when discussing mutation plant breeding in the Soviet Union. What we find in exploring agricultural techniques in atomic energy, in national contexts as well as at international agencies, is how routinely experts pointed out that these approaches were promising but ultimately inferior. Yet they were pursued anyway, boosted by the priorities of governments and government-funded international agencies. The political and military value of atomic energy sheltered individual scientists, laboratories, and entire research programs from skepticism and outright criticism.

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The Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the RAS Siberian Branch

Cited by 3 publications

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Inna Golubovskaya: The Life of a Geneticist Studying Meiosis

Inna Golubovskaya: The Life of a Geneticist Studying Meiosis

The pushback against state interference in science: how Lysenkoism tried to suppress Genetics and how it was eventually defeated

Without Anger and Partiality”

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