The intake assessment of diverse dietary patterns on childhood hypertension: alleviating the blood pressure and lipidemic factors with low-sodium seafood rich in omega-3 fatty acids

Abstract

Background: Childhood hypertension (CH) is related to the dietary intake and diversity of children. The study aimed to assess the critical role of dietary diversity, and seafood long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) in reducing CH among the Iranian community. Methods: A cross-sectional two-phase study with 7-12-year-old Iranian students was designed. In the initial phase, the socio-demographic characteristics, and blood pressure status (normal, pre-hypertension, and hypertension) based on systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure data were assessed. The 24-h dietary recall questionnaire was used to generate the dietary diversity score (DDS, count of consumed food groups) and dietary variety score (DVS, the cumulative number of daily consumed food items). In the second phase, the association between CH reduction and changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TG) levels of schoolchildren intervened by a seafood diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids were assessed using the regression analyses. Results: The pre-hypertension and hypertension prevalence rates were 7.8 and 9.15%, respectively. CH was significantly associated with age, gender, and DDS. A significant inverse association was found between the high intake of seafood and CH (P = 0.032). The gas-chromatography analysis showed the high presence of α-linolenic (ALA, 6.72%), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 7.62%), docosapentaenoic (DPA, 5.88%), and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 18.52%) acids in the seafood-based diet (p < 0.05). The low blood pressure levels with regular consumption of this healthyfunctional diet were significantly associated with a reduction in BMI, LDL, TC, and TG, and a remarkable increase in 25OHD and HDL levels. The multiple linear regression showed that the SBP was highly associated with the TC (p < 0.001; β = 0.464).

The Effects of Fish Oil on Cardiovascular Diseases: Systematical Evaluation and Recent Advance

“…Recent data analysis of 354 participants with reduced birth weight aged 8–15 years showed that, as compared with children with the lowest tertile of intake, those who had the highest tertile of dietary EPA and DHA intake had significantly lower SBP (−4.9 mmHg, 95% CI: −9.7 to −0.1) and pulse pressure (−7.7 mmHg, 95% CI: −15.0 to −0.4) ( 53 ). A cross-sectional study found that the childhood prehypertension and hypertension prevalence rates were 7.8 and 9.15%, and a regular seafood-rich dietary pattern with high ω-3 PUFAs contents was significantly associated with a reduction in BP in hypertensive children and a decrease in the risk of CH in normotensive children ( 54 ). A recent study indicated that maternal DHA intake with 600 mg during pregnancy appeared to mitigate the association between childhood overweight condition/obesity and BP (SBP:104.28 vs. 100.34 mmHg; DBP:64.7 vs. 59.76 mmHg) ( 55 ).…”

Eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio in Japanese junior high school students

“…14 It is therefore possible that the positive correlation of the EPA/AA ratio with TG, BMI, and the degree of obesity may be childhood specific. Given also that TG and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels are decreased, even in children given sea foods, 15 it is likely that the fish intake may have affected their TG and EPA levels. It is also likely that children who overeat may have consumed a great deal more fish than other children thus contributing to the positive correlation between EPA/AA ratios and BMI, degree of obesity, and HOMA-IR in this study.…”

Clinical manifestations, laboratory markers, and renal ultrasonographic examinations in 1-month to 12-year-old Iranian children with pyelonephritis: a six-year cross-sectional retrospective study

“…This pathogen often causes severe inflammation and short-term (e.g., fever, dysuria, and flank pain) and long-term (e.g., irreversible renal scarring) morbidities [ 7 , 8 ]. The renal scarring significantly develops the risk of hypertension, proteinuria, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), chronic kidney disease, and end-stage renal disease [ 9 , 10 ]. Since renal scarring is observed in 37% of AP children after two years from the infection onset, the rapid diagnosis and implementation of effective therapeutic measures are necessary to manage this disease among children [ 4 , 11 – 13 ].…”