We solve the Hurwitz monodromy problem for degree 4 covers. That is, the Hurwitz space H 4,g of all simply branched covers of P 1 of degree 4 and genus g is an unramified cover of the space P 2g+6 of (2g + 6)-tuples of distinct points in P 1 . We determine the monodromy of π 1 (P 2g+6 ) on the points of the fiber. This turns out to be the same problem as the action of π 1 (P 2g+6 ) on a certain local system of Z/2-vector spaces. We generalize our result by treating the analogous local system with Z/N coefficients, 3 N , in place of Z/2. This in turn allows us to answer a question of Ellenberg concerning families of Galois covers of P 1 with deck group (Z/N ) 2 :S 3 .A ramified cover C of P 1 of degree d is said to have simple branching if the fiber over every branch point has d − 1 distinct points. Another way to say this is that for each branch point p, the permutation of the sheets of the cover induced by a small loop around p is a transposition, i.e., a permutation of cycle-shape 2 1 1 d−2 . An Euler characteristic argument (or the Hurwitz formula)