The Integration of Habits Maintained by Food and Water Reinforcement Through Stimulus Compounding

Weiss, Stanley J.; Schindler, Charles W.; Eason, R D

doi:10.1901/jeab.1988.50-237

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Nevertheless, stimulus compounding produced a range of response-enhancement effects during testing, and these effects varied as a function of the incentive-motivational values conditioned to the individual stimuli (excitatory, neutral, or inhibitory). In light of this fact, it is striking that the magnitude of the response-enhancement effect seen with food reinforcement in the 100% condition described above was similar to that obtained in analogous 100% groups trained with heroin (present study), cocaine (Panlilio et al, 1996), water (Weiss et al, 1988), shock avoidance (Emurian & Weiss, 1972;Weiss, 1976), and also with morphine in 2 rats trained in a pilot study for the present ex-periment. The consistency of these results suggests that the effects of stimulus compounding on drug self-administration reflect the influence of the incentive-motivation properties conditioned to the training stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…When drug availability was maintained during testing, the rate of cocaine intake was doubled in the presence of the compound stimulus. This enhanced responding closely replicated results obtained earlier with similar reinforcement schedules involving food (Weiss, 1964(Weiss, , 1969(Weiss, , 1971, water (Weiss, Schindler, & Eason, 1988, Experiment 1), and shock avoidance (Emurian & Weiss, 1972;Weiss, 1976).…”

supporting

confidence: 89%

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Effects of Compounding Drug‐related Stimuli: Escalation of Heroin Self‐administration

Panlilio

Weiss

Schindler

2000

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Previous experiments have demonstrated that presenting independently established discriminative stimuli in compound can substantially increase operant responding maintained by food reinforcement or shock avoidance. Recently, this phenomenon was also shown to occur with cocaine self-administration. The present study further assessed the generality of these stimulus-compounding effects by systematically replicating them with heroin self-administration. Rats' nose-poke responses produced intravenous heroin (0.025 mg/kg per infusion) on a variable-ratio schedule when either a tone or a light was present. In the absence of these stimuli, responding was not reinforced. Once discriminative control by the tone and light had been established, the stimuli were presented in compound under extinction (with heroin discontinued) or maintenance conditions (with heroin available during test-stimulus presentations). In extinction, the tone-light compound increased responding approximately threefold compared to tone or light alone. Under maintenance conditions, compounding increased heroin intake approximately twofold. These effects closely matched those obtained earlier with cocaine. This consistency across pharmacological classes and across drug and nondrug reinforcers further confirms that (a) self-administered drugs support conditioning and learning in a manner similar to that supported by other reinforcers; and (b) multiple drug-related cues interact in lawful and predictable ways to affect drug seeking and consumption.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

supporting

confidence: 89%

Effects of Compounding Drug‐related Stimuli: Escalation of Heroin Self‐administration

Panlilio

Weiss

Schindler

2000

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…For example, when rats have learned to respond for food only when the tone or light is present, compounding these stimuli typically produces a three-fold increase in responding (Weiss 1969(Weiss , 1971). Similar effects have been obtained using water (Weiss et al 1988), shock avoidance (Emurian and Weiss 1972) and recently, self-administered cocaine (Panlilio et al 1996) to maintain responding in tone and in light.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…For example, when two appetitive reinforcers (food and water) were used, response rates doubled during compounding (Weiss et al 1988). In contrast, when food maintained responding in one stimulus and shock avoidance maintained responding in the other, compounding did not increase responding (Weiss and Schindler 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Motivational effects of compounding discriminative stimuli associated with food and cocaine

1998

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In previous experiments, the compounding of two discriminative stimuli associated with the same reinforcer increased rats' responding approximately three-fold, regardless of whether the reinforcer was food, water, cocaine, or shock-avoidance. Compounding a discriminative stimulus associated with food with one associated with water increased responding two-fold. In the present experiment, compounding a discriminative stimulus associated with food with one associated with cocaine increased responding two-fold. These results support the hypothesis that 1) the effects of stimuli associated with reinforcers from the same incentive class (appetitive or aversive) are mutually enhancing, and 2) the combined effects of stimuli associated with two different reinforcers from within the same class are not as strong as those of two stimuli associated with the same reinforcer. These results also suggest that discriminative stimuli associated with non-drug reinforcers may increase the motivation to self-administer cocaine when encountered in combination with drug-related stimuli.

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“…That additional 50% reduction for both groups in the present experiment, compared to that of Weiss and Schindler (1985) is noteworthy and hopefully might stimulate additional research. Of course this comparison is only suggestive, but it should be viewed in the context where compounding stimuli essentially tripled rate when responding to the tone and to the light that were compounded was maintained by food (Weiss, 1971, Experiment 2), shock avoidance (Emurian & Weiss, 1972), water (Weiss, Schindler & Eason, 1988), cocaine (Panlilio, Weiss, & Schindler, 1996) or heroin (Panlilio, Weiss, & Schindler, 2000). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocaine cues retain silent traces of an excitatory history after conversion into conditioned inhibitors

Weiss

Kearns²

2016

Behavioural Pharmacology

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The present experiment investigated the extent to which the A+/AB− conditioned inhibition procedure could counteract an excitatory drug-related conditioning history. In two groups of rats, a light stimulus was established as a signal for the absence of cocaine. For the History Group, the light had previously been a discriminative stimulus (SD) that occasioned cocaine self-administration and could thus be classified as a cocaine excitor. In comparison, the No-History Group first encountered the light during conditioned inhibition training. During conditioned inhibition training, both groups self-administered cocaine during tone as well as in click SDs, while drug seeking was eliminated in click-plus-light wherein cocaine was not available (A+/AB−). Drug seeking was essentially eliminated in both groups. Nevertheless, on a summation test the light reduced cocaine seeking occasioned by the tone SD by 95% in the No-History Group, but by less than 50% in the History Group. This summation test result showed that the effects of a drug-related history persisted even after the light was converted into an effective conditioned inhibitor on the training baseline through the powerful A+/AB− procedure. Future research should seek procedures that produce even stronger conditioned inhibition that eliminates such residual “silent” drug excitation, the “ghost in the addict” (Siegel, 2002, 2005).

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The Integration of Habits Maintained by Food and Water Reinforcement Through Stimulus Compounding

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

Effects of Compounding Drug‐related Stimuli: Escalation of Heroin Self‐administration

Effects of Compounding Drug‐related Stimuli: Escalation of Heroin Self‐administration

Motivational effects of compounding discriminative stimuli associated with food and cocaine

Cocaine cues retain silent traces of an excitatory history after conversion into conditioned inhibitors

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