The Integument of Birds

Stettenheim, Peter

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-249402-4.50010-3

Cited by 97 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…This is underlain by a`spongy' layer some 50 mm thick (Text-®g. 3C±D), which may correspond to the stratum spongiosum of typical tetrapod dermis (Bloom and Fawcett 1975) or perhaps more speci®cally to the stratum germinativum found in the integument of birds (Stettenheim 1972). Beneath this is a third layer, of Figs 1±3.…”

Section: Soft Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new specimen of the thyreophoran dinosaur cf. Scelidosaurus with soft tissue preservation

2000

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ABSTRACT. A new specimen, comprising eight articulated caudal vertebrae in a cut slab of blue/grey carbonate mudstone, is comparable to the early thyreophoran dinosaur Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen from the English Lower Jurassic. Palynological analysis indicates that the specimen is probably late Hettangian±Sinemurian (Early Jurassic), but the exact horizon and locality remain uncertain. The slab has been cut longitudinally in a parasagittal plane along the vertebral series and exposes several articulated centra, haemal arches, neural arches and osteoderms. An envelope of preserved soft tissue wraps around the vertebrae and includes osteoderms with organic material on both the upper and lower surfaces. Basal thyreophoran dinosaur osteoderms were covered by a horny sheath during life. Here we report on a dinosaur with organic preservation of the integument in which dermal ossi®cations are present. It is noteworthy for the three-dimensional preservation of the organically preserved skin and for demonstrating the relationship between the integument and the osteoderms. The specimen is deposited in Bristol City Museum, No. BRSMG CF2781. It currently comprises eight cut pieces of mudstone with bones and associated soft tissues, a single SEM stub and ®ve palynological preparations on glass slides. The palynological residues are held in the collection of the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth (UWA). P R O V E N A N C E

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Section: Soft Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new specimen of the thyreophoran dinosaur cf. Scelidosaurus with soft tissue preservation

2000

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“…All these attributes show that these are truly bristles. Additionally, their location, i.e., head and neck also speaks favorably, since true bristles are known to occur almost exclusively on the head and neck in birds, though a few exceptions do exist (Stettenheim 1973).…”

Section: Observations and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 & 11), some attaining the length of 13.4cm, making them the longest bristles known (the longest bristles reported so far are the narial bristles of Kiwis measuring about 12cm in length- Stettenheim 1973). Morphological diversity is much pronounced in these bristles.…”

Section: Observations and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In stating this, my aim is not to be overtly fastidious about terminology, but the broader objective is to illustrate that bristles too show diverse structural modifications like the contour feathers (though to a lesser degree) deviating from the typical stiff wire like appearance to long wavy hair like structures. In a general survey of bristles in birds, Stettenheim (1973) had pointed out that describing typical avian bristles as 'Hair-like' is inaccurate and that bristles are probably absent in Ciconiformes. Curiously enough, identification of the specialized hair-like bristles in case of the Lesser Adjutant Storks and Adjutant Storks L. dubius as well as presence of narial bristles in the Wooly-necked Stork, Ciconia episcopus only help to substantiate the main contention of Stettenheim (1973) that bristles are of more common occurrence among birds than has been believed previously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feather samples were collected from this specimen. Identification and categorisation of feathers was based on the criteria used by Lucas and Stettenheim (1972) and Stettenheim (1972Stettenheim ( , 1973. Scanning electron micrographs of a selected sample of the bristle was obtained through courtsey of Dr. Flegler of Pesticide Research Centre, Michigan State University, East Lansing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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