This review discusses modern developments in CO 2 surface chemistry by focusing on the work published since the original review by H. J. Freund and M.W. Roberts two decades ago (Surface Science Reports 25 (1996) 225-273). It includes relevant fundamentals pertaining to the topics covered in that earlier review, such as conventional metal and metal oxide surfaces and CO 2 interactions thereon. While UHV spectroscopy has routinely been applied for CO 2 gas-solid interface analysis, the present work goes further by describing surface-CO 2 interactions under elevated CO 2 pressure on non-oxide surfaces, such as zeolites, sulfides, carbides and nitrides. Furthermore, it describes salient in situ techniques relevant to the resolution of the interfacial chemistry of CO 2 , notably infrared spectroscopy and state-of-the-art theoretical methods, currently used in the resolution of solid and soluble carbonate species in liquid-water vapor, liquid-solid and liquid-liquid interfaces. These techniques are directly relevant to fundamental, natural and technological settings, such as heterogeneous and environmental catalysis and CO 2 sequestration.