The interaction of target size and background pattern on perceived velocity during visual tracking

Raymond, Jane E.

doi:10.3758/bf03207878

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…w 4 are weights specific to the respective velocities, JO is the judged object, and OO is the other object. The velocities are perceived velocities, which may or may not be isomorphic with objective velocities (J. F. Brown, 1931;Raymond, 1988). According to the mechanoreceptor hypothesis, u JO should carry more weight than v OO , and the other two velocities should carry negligible weight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception of forces exerted by objects in collision events.

White¹

2009

Psychological Review

172

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Impressions of force are commonplace in the visual perception of objects interacting. It is proposed that these impressions have their source in haptically mediated experiences of exertion of force in actions on objects. Visual impressions of force in interactions between objects occur by a kind of generalization of the proprioceptive impression of force to interactions between objects on the basis of matching to stored representations of actions on objects carried out by the perceiver. Such experiences give rise to a distinctive perceptual interpretation of interactions between objects as involving force exerted by one object acting against resistance offered by the other object. Active, moving objects are seen as exerting force; inactive objects are seen as offering varying degrees of resistance and not as exerting force unless there is reason to think that they acted back on the active object. The results of 3 experiments in which people viewed simple animations of objects colliding and made judgments of force and resistance supported several predictions made by this account.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception of forces exerted by objects in collision events.

White¹

2009

Psychological Review

172

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“…Although the reason for this discrepancy is unclear, it may well be related to the lack of background contours in laboratory-based scaling efforts. Judged velocity is greater when a target moves across a contoured, as opposed to a featureless, background (Raymond, 1988). This contour effect is probably mediated by several mechanisms, including optokinetic nystagmus (OKN).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, two-dimensional presentations often minimize the need for pursuit eye movements. To the extent that information from eye movements is used in estimating velocity, the minimization of eye movements may lead to systematic changes in perceived velocity (Dichgans, Korner, & Voight, 1969; Raymond, 1988). In fact, the average slope 1 in the Scialfa et al (1987) data was 0.68, considerably below that found in three-dimensional scaling studies and similar to the exponents reported when eye movements to track the target are largely unnecessary (e.g., using small visual fields).…”

Section: Speed Estimation and Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age differences in estimating vehicle velocity.

Scialfa

Guzy

Leibowitz

et al. 1991

Psychology and Aging

107

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Automobile accidents among older adults may be related to difficulties in judging the speed of other vehicles. To examine this possibility, 3 groups of observers in the young adult, middle-aged, and older adult age ranges were asked to estimate the velocity o fan isolated automobile traveling at 15-50 mph (24-80 kph). Across all age groups, perceived and actual velocity were related by a power function with an exponent of 1.36. Age was significantly and positively correlated with intercepts, but negatively correlated with exponents; that is, older observers showed less sensitivity to changes in actual velocity. Results bear on the issues ofontogenetic changes in accident involvement and sensitivity to motion.Although nonvisual factors play a role in effective driving performance, driving is predominantly a visual task. Hills (1980) estimated that more than 90% of the information impinging on the driver is visual in nature. Among the many visual tasks required by the driver, estimating the velocity of other vehicles appears to be one of the more salient. Velocity estimation plays a role in various traffic maneuvers, including intersection crossing, merging, and overtaking. Underestimations of vehicle velocity may place drivers attempting these maneuvers at greater risk of accident involvement. This may be particularly true for older persons, in whom a disproportionate number of both pedestrian and driver accidents may involve errors of velocity estimation (Faulkner, 1975; Hills & Johnson, cited in Hills, 1980;Sheppard & Pattinson, 1986). The data reported in this article were gathered to determine whether the ability to estimate vehicle velocity changes systematically over the adult life span. Speed Estimation and ScalingThe manner in which human observers process velocity information remains unclear, but evidence suggests that such information is used to make decisions about some driving maneuvers. For example, increasing traffic velocity leads to reductions in the minimum time gaps allowed when crossing against traffic flow (Bottom & Ashworth, 1978). Velocity estimation is often inaccurate, however. Many drivers err in estimating the last moment to safely overtake a vehicle in the presence of oncoming traffic (Jones & Heimstra, 1964;Kaukinen, 1972), and at This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute on Aging (AG-00110-02).We thank the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute for the use of their test track; the Oneonta, New York, Police Department for the use of their radar unit; and especially Joyce A. Blake-Guzy for her invaluable assistance in data collection.Lawrence T. Guzy is now at the State University of New York at Oneonta.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Charles T. Scialfa, who is now at the Department o fPsychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4. 60 least some authors (Leibowitz, 1985;Mackie, 1972) have argued that overtaking accidents are due in part to misjudgments of the oncoming vehicle's velocity. Such an argument raises...

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Judging an object's velocity when its distance changes due to ego-motion

Brenner

1993

Vision Research

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The interaction of target size and background pattern on perceived velocity during visual tracking

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Perception of forces exerted by objects in collision events.

Perception of forces exerted by objects in collision events.

Age differences in estimating vehicle velocity.

Judging an object's velocity when its distance changes due to ego-motion

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