The Interdependence of Autonomous Human-Machine Teams: The Entropy of Teams, But Not Individuals, Advances Science

Lawless, William F.

doi:10.3390/e21121195

Cited by 20 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Interdependence defined. We advance interdependence theory by mapping similarities between quantum theory and our prior findings; e.g., to maintain interdependence [ 9 ], we have established that boundaries are necessary for teams to reduce external dysergic interference (akin to preventing quantum decoherence); that redundancy interferes with team performance; that establishing context requires a consensus derived from the tension afforded by debate, competition or conflict; that AI-guided machines can rescue a transport (airplane, train, ship) operated by a dysfunctional human operator [ 15 ]); and that patent innovation is the byproduct of a highly-educated nation [ 8 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The problem of autonomy, however, is unsolved by any rational mathematics [ 7 ], a foundational problem for autonomous machines made more challenging by the need to interact with humans as part of a team [ 4 ]. Yet, as we have claimed, no theory can solve this problem without a theory of interdependence [ 8 , 9 ]. To address autonomy, various approaches to interdependence will be briefly covered, including artificial intelligence (AI), systems engineering (SE), information fusion (IF), social systems theory and control theory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interdependence is often paraphrased in social dynamics or in SE as a “whole greater than the sum of its parts” (e.g., [ 10 , 11 ]; respectively). Interdependence is fundamental to every social interaction ([ 4 , 12 ]); it transmits positive (synergism) and negative (dysergism) interference [ 9 ]; it occurs in large, coupled systems, such as the International Space Station (ISS; see [ 13 ]) where engineers designed ISS to dampen dysergistic effects. It can cause misinterpretations along the multi-step processes in complex information fusion systems; e.g., Llinas [ 14 ] issued a call “for action among the fusion, cognitive, decision-making, and computer-science communities to muster a cooperative initiative to examine and develop [the] … metrics involved in measuring and evaluating process interdependencies … [otherwise, the design of] modern decision support systems … will remain disconnected and suboptimal going forward.”…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kenny and colleagues (p. 235, [ 17 ]) recommended to experimental social psychologists the removal of interdependence from experimental data to make their data i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed), somewhat akin to treating quantum effects at the atomic level as “pesky” [ 9 ]. Moreover, a leading social psychologist, Jones (p. 33, [ 12 ]), described interdependence as “bewildering.” Yet, Cooke [ 4 ] and her colleagues have conducted laboratory studies of interdependence in teams for over two decades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantum-Like Interdependence Theory Advances Autonomous Human–Machine Teams (A-HMTs)

Lawless

2020

Entropy

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As humanity grapples with the concept of autonomy for human–machine teams (A-HMTs), unresolved is the necessity for the control of autonomy that instills trust. For non-autonomous systems in states with a high degree of certainty, rational approaches exist to solve, model or control stable interactions; e.g., game theory, scale-free network theory, multi-agent systems, drone swarms. As an example, guided by artificial intelligence (AI, including machine learning, ML) or by human operators, swarms of drones have made spectacular gains in applications too numerous to list (e.g., crop management; mapping, surveillance and fire-fighting systems; weapon systems). But under states of uncertainty or where conflict exists, rational models fail, exactly where interdependence theory thrives. Large, coupled physical or information systems can also experience synergism or dysergism from interdependence. Synergistically, the best human teams are not only highly interdependent, but they also exploit interdependence to reduce uncertainty, the focus of this work-in-progress and roadmap. We have long argued that interdependence is fundamental to human autonomy in teams. But for A-HMTs, no mathematics exists to build from rational theory or social science for their design nor safe or effective operation, a severe weakness. Compared to the rational and traditional social theory, we hope to advance interdependence theory first by mapping similarities between quantum theory and our prior findings; e.g., to maintain interdependence, we previously established that boundaries reduce dysergic effects to allow teams to function (akin to blocking interference to prevent quantum decoherence). Second, we extend our prior findings with case studies to predict with interdependence theory that as uncertainty increases in non-factorable situations for humans, the duality in two-sided beliefs serves debaters who explore alternatives with tradeoffs in the search for the best path going forward. Third, applied to autonomous teams, we conclude that a machine in an A-HMT must be able to express itself to its human teammates in causal language however imperfectly.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantum-Like Interdependence Theory Advances Autonomous Human–Machine Teams (A-HMTs)

Lawless

2020

Entropy

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“…Finally, we remark that our framework and the result on entropy-stability can be applied not only to biosystemns compounded of subsystems, say organs compounded of cells or organisms compounded of organs, but also to social science and management (see the paper of Lawless [58] who also mentioned coupling with Schrödinger's book [2]).…”

Section: Order-stability In a Biosystem Compounded Of A Few Subsystemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Order-Stability in Complex Biosystems from the Viewpoint of the Theory of Open Quantum Systems

Khrennikov¹,

Watanabe²

2020

Preprint

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This paper is our attempt on the basis of physical theory to bring more clarification on the question ``What is life?'' formulated in the well-known book of Schr\"odinger in 1944. According to Schr\"odinger, the main distinguishing feature of biosystem's functioning is the ability to preserve its order structure or, in the mathematical terms, to prevent increasing of entropy. Since any biosystem is fundamentally open, it is natural to use open system's theory. However, Schr\"odinger's analysis shows that the classical theory is not able to adequately describe the order-stability in a biosystem. Schr\"odinger should also appeal to the ambiguous notion of negative entropy. We suggest to apply the quantum theory. As is well-known, behaviour of the quantum von Neumann entropy crucially differs from behaviour of the classical entropy. We consider a complex biosystem $S$ composed of many subsystems, say proteins, or cells, or neural networks in the brain, i.e., $S=(S_i).$ We study the following problem: if the composed system $S$ can preserve the ``global order'' in the situation of increase of local disorder and if $S$ can preserve its entropy while some of $S_i$ increase their entropies We show that within quantum information theory the answer is positive. The significant role plays entanglement of the subsystems states. In the absence of entanglement, increasing of local disorder generates disorder increasing in the compound system $S$ (as in the classical regime).

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Cyber-(in)Security, Revisited: Proactive Cyber-Defenses, Interdependence and Autonomous Human-Machine Teams (A-HMTs)

Lawless

Mittu

Moskowitz

et al. 2021

Adversary-Aware Learning Techniques and Trends in Cybersecurity

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The Interdependence of Autonomous Human-Machine Teams: The Entropy of Teams, But Not Individuals, Advances Science

Cited by 20 publications

References 53 publications

Quantum-Like Interdependence Theory Advances Autonomous Human–Machine Teams (A-HMTs)

Quantum-Like Interdependence Theory Advances Autonomous Human–Machine Teams (A-HMTs)

Order-Stability in Complex Biosystems from the Viewpoint of the Theory of Open Quantum Systems

Cyber-(in)Security, Revisited: Proactive Cyber-Defenses, Interdependence and Autonomous Human-Machine Teams (A-HMTs)

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