The Intergovernmental Network of World Trade: IGO Connectedness, Governance, and Embeddedness

Preventing protectionism: International institutions and trade policy

“…In addition, our finding that membership in non-economic IGOs also reduces the frequency of protectionism, in addition to membership in economic IGOs, corroborates and complements the findings in Ingram, Robinson, and Busch (2005). While they find that such memberships in non-economic IGOs increase trade among members, this study finds that they may well be equally successful in preventing protectionism during an economic crisis.…”

“…Our aim in this paper was to apply theories that are firmly grounded in the international relations literature, i.e., international institutions increase information among states, provide lock-in mechanisms, and ease socializationamong countries (Abbott and Snidal, 1998;Beckfield, 2010;Ingram et al 2005;Keohane and Nye, 1977;Morrow, 1994), to an extreme case, i.e., a very serious economic crisis, to see if these were any evidence that the theory holds. It did and that is good news for the global economic system.…”

“…We also examine the effects of joint membership in non-economic international organizations, that is, in political, social, and cultural organizations. Extending the work of Ingram, Robinson, and Busch (2005) that finds that joint membership in non-economic international organizations expands trade among members, this paper examines the effect of non-economic international organizations on states' trade policies during a time of economic crisis. To examine the impact of commitments, or lock-in effects, through international institutions, the analysis employs joint membership in preferential trade agreements (PTAs), which are specifically geared toward promoting trade between members and also contain enforcement mechanisms.…”

Exploring Mediators: Effects of the Composition of Organizational Affiliation on Organization Survival and Mediator Performance

“…Affiliated actors who are highly connected are sought after for their product and service qualities. They occupy a central position in the business network, which increases information availability (Ingram et al 2005, Powell et al 1996. Ingram, Robinson and Busch, (2005) show that actor connectedness positively impacts the magnitude of trade flows due to the increase information availability.…”

“…They occupy a central position in the business network, which increases information availability (Ingram et al 2005, Powell et al 1996. Ingram, Robinson and Busch, (2005) show that actor connectedness positively impacts the magnitude of trade flows due to the increase information availability. Information availability negatively affects uncertainty that surrounds exchange relationships by increasing opportunity recognition, facilitating quality evaluation, and reducing search costs.…”