The recent concern to develop a radical but critical account of agency in
social policy is to be welcomed. However this article questions whether the
work of A. Giddens can provide an adequate foundation for such a project.
Giddens's account of the welfare subject contains several weaknesses. It is
voluntaristic and yet paradoxically it cannot offer an adequate understanding
of radical change. It is also rationalistic and assumes the existences
of a unitary and knowledgeable subject. As a consequence there is
a danger that social policy develops a lop-sided model of agency which is
insufficiently sensitive to the passionate, tragic and contradictory dimensions
of human experience. A robust account of the active welfare subject
must be prepared to confront the real experiences of powerlessness and
psychic injury which result from injustice and oppression and acknowledge
human capacities for destructiveness towards self and others. Only by
exploring these different subject positions – victim, ‘own worst enemy’ and
creative, reflexive agent – can we develop an understanding of the welfare
subject which is optimistic without being naive.