The Internal–External Locus of Control Short Scale–4 (IE-4): A comprehensive validation of the English-language adaptation

Nießen, Désirée; Schmidt, Isabelle; Groskurth, Katharina; Rammstedt, Beatrice; Lechner, Clemens M.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271289

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Further, as data was collected through an online survey, there is the possibility of a response bias, so future studies may choose to utilize alternative methods of data collection. Also, the reliability of the External Locus of Control scale in our study is significantly lower than in previous studies, such as in that conducted by Kovaleva et al (ranging from .53 to .63) [ 85 ] and in the study conducted by Nießen et al (ranging from .63 to .69) [ 86 ]. In future studies this should be taken into account and the sensitivity of this scale to intercultural differences should be reexamined.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 90%

Psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrative perspective

Mahat-Shamir,

Zychlinski,

Kagan

2023

PLoS ONE

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Informed by socio-ecological psychology and the conservation of resources model, the present study proposes an integrative perspective on the association between psychological distress and a constellation of factors, during the COVID-19 outbreak in Israel. Our sample, comprised of 991 adult participants, was measured for psychological distress, locus of control (internal/ external), resilience, loneliness, social support, dimensions of citizens’ trust in government organizations (perceived competence, benevolence, and integrity), and demographic characteristics. The findings showed that women, non-religious people, and the unemployed reported higher levels of psychological distress. Internal locus of control, resilience, social support, and the extent to which citizens perceive government organizations as benevolent were negatively associated with psychological distress. Self-reported loneliness and external locus of control positively predicted the level of respondent psychological distress. No association was detected between age, competence and integrity and psychological distress. An overview of the research findings indicates that individuals with greater resources were less likely to suffer from psychological distress during the COVID-19 outbreak. These findings call upon mental health care practitioners to help as well as to enable clients to attain resources in order to lower their levels of psychological distress. Policies developed by policymakers during periods of acute crisis should consider the specific needs and vulnerabilities of certain population groups, including women and the unemployed who may be more susceptible to psychological distress. It is also important for policymakers to be aware that the perception of democratic governments as benevolent can serve as a buffer against psychological distress during times of crisis.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 90%

Psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrative perspective

Mahat-Shamir,

Zychlinski,

Kagan

2023

PLoS ONE

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“…Our : α = 0.786, N = 4 In reliability tests, all metrics met the Cronbach's Alpha benchmark of 0.6 for internal consistency, except for the LOC variable. The LOC, informed by the I-E LOC scale from (Craig et al, 1984;Kovaleva, 2012;Nießen et al, 2022), showed a reduced Alpha because of its fouritem structure addressing both control dimensions. Despite this, LOC's reliability remained intact.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal Factors Affecting Whistleblowing Among Public Sector Employee

Defiantoro,

Mayasari

2024

DIJEFA

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Whistleblowing is a difficult choice among the witnesses of wrongdoing. This study investigates what influences the decision to report such incidents within the Indonesian Public Administration, focusing on individual factors. Using quantitative research methods, data were collected from 406 Indonesian public sector workers via a convenience survey and snowball sampling. The results reveal that the likelihood of whistleblowing is significantly influenced by confidence in the reporting channel's management, social anxiety, individualism and collectivism, the propensity to blow the whistle, and the individual's locus of control. Moreover, the PBW acts as a moderator on the effect of individual's locus of control. To increase the tendency towards whistleblowing, the study suggests that authorities should bolster legal safeguards for informants, including anti-reprisal actions, legal protection and organizational backing for support networks.

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“…The Internal–External Locus of Control Short Scale–4 (IE-4; [ 43 ])/Internale–Externale-Kontrollüberzeugung–4 [ 44 ] measures internal and external locus of control with two items per factor. The 5-point Likert scale ranges from 1 ( does not apply at all ) to 5 ( applies completely ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An English-Language adaptation and validation of the Justice Sensitivity Short Scales–8 (JSS-8)

Groskurth,

Beierlein,

Nießen

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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The construct of justice sensitivity has four perspectives that capture individual differences in the strength of reactions to injustice when becoming a victim of injustice (victim sensitivity), when witnessing injustice as an outsider (observer sensitivity), when passively benefitting from an injustice done to others (beneficiary sensitivity), or when committing an injustice (perpetrator sensitivity). Individual differences in these four justice sensitivity perspectives are highly relevant in moral research. With just eight items in total, the Justice Sensitivity Short Scales–8 (JSS-8) are a very efficient way to measure the four perspectives. JSS-8 was initially constructed in German (Ungerechtigkeitssensibilität-Skalen–8, USS-8) and later translated into English. In the present study, we empirically validated this English-language adaptation in a heterogeneous quota sample from the UK. The results show that the psychometric properties (i.e., reliability, validity, standardization) of JSS-8 are good, and that they are comparable with those of the German-language source version. Because of the invariance of loadings, intercepts, and residual variances, researchers can compare manifest scale statistics (i.e., means, variances) of JSS-8 across the UK and Germany. JSS-8 is thus particularly suitable for measuring justice sensitivity in various research areas with constraints on assessment time and questionnaire space.

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The Internal–External Locus of Control Short Scale–4 (IE-4): A comprehensive validation of the English-language adaptation

Cited by 16 publications

References 69 publications

Psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrative perspective

Psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrative perspective

Personal Factors Affecting Whistleblowing Among Public Sector Employee

An English-Language adaptation and validation of the Justice Sensitivity Short Scales–8 (JSS-8)

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