The international governance of refugee work: reflections on the Jordan compact

Abstract

For the past 70 years, separate international regimes have governed the economic lives of refugees and labor migrants. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) oversees all aspects of refugee resettlement, including livelihoods, while the International Labor Organization (ILO) is charged with addressing the labor rights of migrants. This division has become increasingly problematic as international actors have sought to move refugees into employment arenas from which they have been largely excluded since the end of WWII. This article uses a case study of the 2016 EU-Jordan Compact to illustrate the risks inherent in positioning refugees as workers in the absence of a commitment to a rights-based approach. The Compact was negotiated between the European Commission, the World Bank, and the Government of Jordan, in consultation with the UNHCR; the ILO played no role in crafting the agreement. It sought to place 150,000 Syrians in Jordanian garment export manufacturing jobs, replacing an existing migrant workforce in an industry notorious for low pay and poor conditions. This effort quickly foundered. Instead, large numbers of Syrian refugees have been channeled into informal employment in construction and agriculture in Jordan, where they and migrant co-workers face pervasive violations of labor standards. Without decent work as a central goal, the Compact ultimately concentrated some of the world's most vulnerable workers in some of its least desirable jobs. To protect refugees and others alongside whom they labor, the article argues, refugee employment initiatives must be accompanied by attention to decent work from the outset. At the international level, this should include a critical role for the ILO, in recognition of its extensive expertise with the establishment and enforcement of labor standards for all workers.

Making Your Own Weather: Self-Reliance and Working for Resettlement Among Sudanese Refugee Men in Amman, Jordan

“…The Jordan Compact committed Jordan to expanding access to work permits for Syrian refugees, accompanied by financial support and preferential trade agreements between the European Union and the Government of Jordan (Government of Jordan, 2016). There was enthusiastic response to the launch of the compact, but others have highlighted its shortcomings (Barbelet et al, 2018;Gordon, 2021;Lenner & Turner, 2019;Morris, 2020).…”

The Jordan Compact, Refugee Labour and the Limits of Indicator‐oriented Formalization

“…Almasri, 2021). However, critical accounts have paid surprisingly little attention to labour dynamics and the politics of formalization initiatives, despite the formalization of refugee labour being at its centre (for exceptions, see Gordon, 2019, 2021). This reflects how, more widely, refugee and humanitarian studies scholarship has not adequately engaged with debates about precarious labour, informality and formalization, and has not given sufficient attention to the broader political‐economic contexts of refugee host states (Easton‐Calabria, 2022).…”

“…Building on the insights of Gordon (2019, 2021) and others, this article stresses how policy interventions for labour market integration of refugees intersect with a globalized, donor‐driven policy environment. We bring together insights from scholarship on refugee livelihoods, the formalization of informal economic activities, and the role of indicators in international development as well as our in‐depth knowledge of Jordan, to argue that the formalization of Syrian refugee labour in Jordan is an instance of ‘indicator‐oriented formalization’.…”

Beyond the right to work

“…The objective of issuing work permits for Syrians may be argued to actually be about the formalisation of jobs (Lenner & Turner, 2018). Moreover, it is questionable whether the focus on work permits has led to better working conditions, particularly in the special economic zones (SEZs) and qualified industrial zones (QIZs), which were one of the focus areas under the Jordan Compact, and were suffering from poor working conditions (Gordon, 2021;Lenner, 2020;Tobin & Alahmad, 2019). Nonetheless, it might be stated that work permits also opened opportunities.…”

“…One of the semi-closed jobs." (Jerash camp,Palestinian no ID,Male,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) 130 It is argued by Gordon (2021) that the exclusion of the ILO in the discussion that formulated the Jordan Compact resulted in its inability to ensure that the right to decent work is promoted for refugees. Nonetheless, in her article the participation of the ILO in the Livelihoods Working Group (LWG) as well as their work on Syrian refugees in Jordan is overlooked and they have taken up a crucial position in shaping the debate accordingly (e.g., International Labour Organization, 2014Organization, , 2015aOrganization, , 2016Organization, , 2017Razzaz, 2017).…”