The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia: Five-Year Follow-Up Findings

Leff, Julian; Sartorius, Norman; Jablensky, Assen; Anker, Martha; Korten, A. E.; Gulbinat, W.; Ernberg, G.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74881-3_6

Cited by 97 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Females present a better course of the illness 27 , and experience significantly fewer rehospitalizations and shorter hospital stays than males 9 . In the IPSS fiveyear follow-up, males presented a poorer outcome than females regarding the time they spent under a psychotic episode, in the pattern of the course of the illness and social adjustment 14 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Family expectation, social adjustment and gender differences in a sample of schizophrenic patients

et al. 1996

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A case series to study factors related to family expectation regarding schizophrenic patients was conducted in an out-patient setting in the city of S. Paulo, Brazil. Patients diagnosed as presenting schizophrenia by the ICD 9th Edition and having had the disease for more than four years were included in the study. Family Expectation was measured by the difference between the Katz Adjustment Scale (R2 and R3) scores based on the relative's expectation and the socially expected activities of the patient (Discrepancy Score), and social adjustment was given by the DSM-III-R Global Assessment Scale (GAS). Outcome assessments were made independently, and 44 patients comprised the sample (25 males and 19 females). The Discrepancy mean score was twice as high for males as for females (p < 0.02), and there was an inverse relationship between the discrepancy score and social adjustment (r =-0.46, p < 0.001). Moreover, sex and social adjustment exerted independent effects on the discrepancy score when age, age at onset and number of psychiatric admissions were controlled by means of a multiple regression technique. There was an interaction between sex and social adjustment, the inverse relationship between social adjustment and discrepancy score being more pronounced for males. These findings are discussed in the light of the potential association between the family environment, gender and social adjustment of schizophrenic patients, and the need for further research, i.e. ethnographic accounts of interactions between patient and relatives sharing households particularly in less developed countries. Pública, 30 (3), 1996

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…These studies showed cross-cultural variations in the schizophrenic's relative's expressed emotions and based on these results some authors concluded that EE could be a major factor explaining the better outcome of schizophrenia in developing countries 14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Family expectation, social adjustment and gender differences in a sample of schizophrenic patients

et al. 1996

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“…The complexity and risk of confounding under such con-ditions has encouraged prospective studies of firstepisode patients in early or prodromal phases of illness. Most first-episode studies involve patients diagnosed with early (Jones & Tarrant, 1999;McGorry et al, 2000;Cannon et al, 2001;Gaebel et al, 2001;Hollis 2003), or established schizophrenia (Kane et al, 1982;Biehl et al, 1986;Schubart et al, 1986;McCreadie et al, 1989;Johnstone et al, 1990;Tohen et al, 1990b;1992a;1996;Tohen 1991;Leff et al, 1992;Ram et al, 1992;Ventura et al, 1992;Lieberman et ai, 1993;Bromet et al, 1996;Varma et al, 1996;Craig et al, 1997;Gupta et al, 1997;Lay et al, 1997). There have been far fewer first-episode follow-up studies of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (Tohen et al, 1990b(Tohen et al, , 2000aFennig et al, 1996;Strakowski et al, 1998;Conus et al, 2004;Schimmelmann et al, 2005), or other types of psychotic disorders (Pillmann et ai, 2002;Schimmelmann et ai, 2005;Abe et ai, 2006;Emsley et ai, 2006;2007).…”

Section: Longitudinal Studies Of Psychotic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal research on bipolar disorders

Salvatore¹,

Tohen²,

Khalsa³

et al. 2007

Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc

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Abstract. Longitudinal assessment of the course of major psychiatric disorders has been advanced by studies from onset, but only rarely have large numbers of patients with a range of psychotic and major affective disorders been studied simultaneously and systematically from illness-onset. The decade-long McLean-Harvard First Episode Project & International Consortium for Bipolar Disorder Research has systematically followed-up large numbers of patients with DSM-IV bipolar or psychotic disorders from firsthospitalization. Major findings among patients with bipolar I disorder include: [a] full functional recovery from initial episodes was uncommon, and full symptomatic recovery, much slower than early syndromal recovery; [b] risks of relapse, recurrence, and switching were very high in the first two years; [c] most early morbidity was depressive-dysphoric, as reported in mid-course; [d] initial depression or mixed-states predicted more later depressive and overall morbidity, whereas initial mania or psychosis predicted later mania and a better prognosis; [e] based on within-subject modeling, most patients did not show progressive cycling over time, and illness-course was rather chaotic within and among patients; [f] treatment-latency or episode-counts were unassociated with responsiveness to long-term mood-stabilizing treatment; [g] very high rates of suicidal behavior and accidents occurred early; [h] early substance-use comorbidity associated with anxiety; [i] factor-analysis of prodromal symptoms predicted bipolar disorder much better than non-affective psychotic disorders. Project findings indicate that the course of bipolar I disorder is much less favorable than had been believed formerly, despite clinical treatment with modern mood-stabilizing and other treatments.

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“…This pattern of care has changed (Hume 1995). Currently, few chronically mentally ill people, perhaps with the exception of those in a secure forensic setting, spend longer than a few weeks per year in hospital, and most care, certainly within the UK, is communitybased (Davies 1990;Leff 1992). Relative to other chronic illnesses, the personal and economic costs of schizophrenia are considerable (Bustillo 2000;Knapp 1994).…”

Section: Why It Is Important To Do This Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%