The international sources of policy convergence: explaining the spread of environmental policy innovations

Busch, Per-Olof; Jörgens, Helge

doi:10.1080/13501760500161514

Cited by 202 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…They were typically met with a number of modifications to base-engine designs and, in the US where regulatory standards have historically been more ambitious, the addition of basic catalytic converters (Mondt 2000 At face value, the presence of a growing number of developing countries adopting increasingly stringent emission standards and, moreover, standards similar to those adopted in the EU and the US, strongly hints at the existence of spatially dependent regulatory behaviour. That is, it suggests that the decision to adopt particular emission standards in lagging developing countries has not been taken independently, but has been influenced by regulatory choices in higher-regulating developed countries and possibly higher-regulating developing ones (Busch and Jorgens 2005). The question addressed in the present article is whether this apparent spatial dependence is, as predicted by market integration accounts of the California effect, driven by exports and inward investment ties.…”

Section: A Brief History Of Standardsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…One is that the explanatory variables used to capture economic ties fail to distinguish between linkages to higher-or lower-regulating countries. To be fair, this is less of a problem in the case of FDI to the extent that a large share of direct investment originates in developed economies, where standards are presumably more stringent (Busch and Jorgens 2005;Dasgupta et al 2001). …”

Section: Previous Studies and Their Shortcomingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Domestic governments might be inclined to look towards their major export partners in benchmarking appropriate emission standards (Busch and Jorgens 2005;Jänicke and Jacob 2004). The very fact that beyond-compliance vehicles are being manufactured domestically may additionally catalyse demands from environmental NGOs (and other groups with similar interests) for similarly specified models locally.…”

Section: Trading-and Investing-up?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does the ‘California effect’ operate across borders? Trading- and investing-up in automobile emission standards

Perkins¹,

Neumayer²

2012

Journal of European Public Policy

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Original citation:Perkins, Richard and Neumayer, Eric (2012) Does the 'California effect' operate across borders? trading-and investing-up AbstractAccording to one line of argument, economic integration may lead to the ratcheting upwards of regulatory standards towards levels found in higher-regulating jurisdictions, a phenomenon referred to as the 'California effect'. Yet, at least in the case of public environmental policies, comparatively little systematic empirical work has been undertaken to examine whether international trade and investment with more stringently regulated countries leads to higher domestic environmental standards in lower-regulating economies. Our contribution seeks to fill this gap using a newly-constructed dataset measuring the stringency of domestic automobile emission standards. We find robust support for a trading-up effect in a sample of up to 147 developing countries: greater automobile and related components exports to countries with more stringent automobile emission standards are associated with more stringent domestic emission standards. Investing-up dynamics are also apparent, in that we find higher inward FDI in the automotive sector is associated with more stringent domestic automobile emission standards in host developing economies.

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Section: A Brief History Of Standardsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Previous Studies and Their Shortcomingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Trading-and Investing-up?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Does the ‘California effect’ operate across borders? Trading- and investing-up in automobile emission standards

Perkins¹,

Neumayer²

2012

Journal of European Public Policy

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“…A crucial aspect of developing policy solutions is learning from the international community. This is a strategic approach because policies and ideas from the international community, such as those from the WHO, reflect authority and expertise and have been used previously to influence domestic agendasetting [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the process of establishing a food and nutrition policy: the case of Slovenia

2012

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“…Other forms of learning and transfer are bilateral. International learning among states is a staple of the literature (Bennett, 1991;Dolowitz and Marsh, 1996;2000;Holzinger and Knill, 2005) and there is a growing focus on international agreements (for example, Alter and Meunier, 2009;Busch and Jörgens, 2005;Cairney, Studlar and Mamudu, 2012). It can also occur among their constituent units or between these and independent states, where the relevant competences are in one case at the devolved level and in another at the centre.…”

Section: Directions Of Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction: Policy-making, Learning and Devolution

Keating

Cairney

2012

Regional & Federal Studies

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This collection explores the idea that devolution in European states can provide 'laboratories of democracy' as states experiment in different ways to address social and economic problems and engage their citizens. While there is a substantial literature on policy diffusion and learning among US states, and on transfer and learning between countries, there is not much on learning among European federated and devolved governments. This collection fills that gap with a series of studies based primarily on experiences in Germany, Spain and the UK (including a particular focus on Northern Ireland). The introduction sets up the analytical framework, discussing the concepts of learning and transfer, the direction of transfer (for example, from the centre to the devolved territory), the mechanisms involved (from voluntary to coercive) and the degree of transfer. Policy-Making, Learning, Policy Diffusion and DevolutionFederalism has famously been described as providing laboratories of democracy as states experiment in different ways to address social and economic problems and engage their citizens. Devolution in European states has similarly been hailed as an opportunity to try out new solutions, adapting them to local circumstances and, if they are successful, applying them elsewhere. Yet actually benefitting from the experiences of others and adopting successful innovations is an extremely difficult matter. It implies a capacity to make policy at the devolved level, and mechanisms to transfer or diffuse the innovation, whether this is by more or less compulsory conformity, by policy competition or by policy transfer and lesson drawing from experiences in different places. While there is a substantial literature on policy diffusion and learning among states, there is not much on learning among federated and devolved governments, whether within individual states or on a wider international or European basis. This collection addresses that question through a series of studies based in different systems.i Policy transfer and learning in federal and devolved systems can be particularly difficult to identify since there are many reasons why one government might adopt policies similar to those being carried out elsewhere, not all of which are to do with improving policy performance. Convergence, like divergence, might not even be the result of conscious decisions by policy-makers. In order to locate the role of policy transfer and learning, therefore, we first need to explore patterns of convergence and divergence and their drivers within multilevel systems. Divergence and Convergence in Multilevel SystemsFederalism and devolution are mechanisms both for dividing and for sharing power. They are equally ways of dividing and sharing policy-making, creating new dynamics and posing challenges for our understanding of the policy process. Multilevel policy-making might lead to divergence within states, to convergence around negotiated solutions, or to complex patterns of differentiation, cooperation and learning.Classical ...

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The international sources of policy convergence: explaining the spread of environmental policy innovations

Cited by 202 publications

References 56 publications

Does the ‘California effect’ operate across borders? Trading- and investing-up in automobile emission standards

Does the ‘California effect’ operate across borders? Trading- and investing-up in automobile emission standards

Understanding the process of establishing a food and nutrition policy: the case of Slovenia

Introduction: Policy-making, Learning and Devolution

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