The Interplay Between Coronavirus and Type I IFN Response

Xue, Wenxiang; Ding, Chan; Qian, Kun; Liao, Ying

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.805472

“…During this process, it was reported that SARS-CoV-2 encoded at least 14 proteins, accounting for about half of the total proteins encoded by the virus, to interfere with IFN production [ 88 – 90 ]. These proteins include the structural membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) proteins, the accessory proteins (3, 6, 8, and 9b), and the nonstructural proteins (NSP1, 3, 5, 6, 12,13, 14, and 15) generated from a large open reading frame (ORF) encoding 1ab by papain-like proteinase (NSP3, NLpro) and 3C-like proteinase (NSP5, 3CLpro) -mediated cleavage.…”

Section: Targeting the Type I Ifn Production By Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune response in COVID-19: what is next?

Li

¹

,

Wang

²

,

Sun

³

et al. 2022

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global pandemic for more than 2 years and it still impacts our daily lifestyle and quality in unprecedented ways. A better understanding of immunity and its regulation in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is urgently needed. Based on the current literature, we review here the various virus mutations and the evolving disease manifestations along with the alterations of immune responses with specific focuses on the innate immune response, neutrophil extracellular traps, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity. Different types of vaccines were compared and analyzed based on their unique properties to elicit specific immunity. Various therapeutic strategies such as antibody, anti-viral medications and inflammation control were discussed. We predict that with the available and continuously emerging new technologies, more powerful vaccines and administration schedules, more effective medications and better public health measures, the COVID-19 pandemic will be under control in the near future.

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“…They are currently classified into three groups: Type I, II, and III. Type I IFNs consist of IFN-α, IFN-β (also IFN-δ, IFN-ε, IFN-κ, IFN-τ, IFN-ω, and IFN-ζ) but also within Type II is IFN-γ, whilst type III IFNs encompass IFN-λ [77] Noteworthy, studies indicate that with MERS and RSV that timing of Type I IFN production affects this [59,60]. With regards to SARS-CoV-2 sensitivity to IFN, early case studies indicate SARS-CoV-2 sensitivity to IFN-α and IFN-β in vitro, however more recent tissue studies indicate that IFN-α, IFN-β response may paradoxically facilitate the propagation of COVID-19 from the respiratory epithelium to the vasculature through direct endothelial cell infection [78,79].…”

Section: V) Role Of Toll-like Receptors (Tlr) or Tlr Induced Ifn Dysr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular and Humoral Immunity and Infection Responses to SARS-CoV-2:Immune Biomolecular Mechanisms by Case Study within SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Other Infections

Brown¹

2022

Preprint

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The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist, of which Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and SARS-CoV (SARS) showed higher mortality rates without causing a pandemic. As of December 2022, SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in over 6.6 million deaths worldwide through an array of acute to chronic pathologies. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden. Therefore, immune system process analysis is required to compare innate and adaptive immune system interactions. Lymphatic system organs include bone marrow and thymus using a network of nodes throughout which white blood cells traverse glycolipid membranes utilizing cytokines and chemokine gradients that affect cell development, differentiation, proliferation, and migration processes as well as genetic factors affecting cell receptor expression. Innate processes involve antigen-presenting cells and B lymphocyte cellular responses to pathogens relevant to other viral and bacterial infections but also in oncogenic diseases. Such processes utilize cluster of differentiation (CD) marker expression, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL) and chemokines. The adaptive immune system consists of Natural Killer (NK) and T cells. Other viruses are also contributory to cancer including human papillomavirus (cervical carcinoma ), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ( lymphoma), hepatitis B and C (hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell leukemia virus-1 (adult T-cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer( e.g. H. pylori). Therefore, as the above factors can cause both morbidity and mortality along-side being transmitted within clinical and community settings, it is appropriate to now examine advances in single cell sequencing, FACS analysis and many other laboratory techniques that allow insights into discoveries of newer cell types. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that over-lap with known autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cell or T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, this review quantifies and outlines the nature of specific receptors and proteins relevant to clinical laboratories and medical research by documenting both innate and adaptive immune system cells within current coronavirus immunology case study data and other pathologies to date.

show abstract

“…They are currently classified into three groups: Type I, II, and III. Type I IFNs consist of IFN-α, IFN-β (also IFN-δ, IFN-ε, IFN-κ, IFN-τ, IFN-ω, and IFN-ζ) but also within Type II is IFN-γ, whilst type III IFNs encompass IFN-λ [75] Noteworthy, studies indicate that with MERS and RSV that timing of Type I IFN production affects this [57,58]. With regards to SARS-CoV-2 sensitivity to IFN, early case studies indicate SARS-CoV-2 sensitivity to IFN-α and IFN-β in vitro, however more recent tissue studies indicate that IFN-α, IFN-β response may paradoxically facilitate the propagation of COVID-19 from the respiratory epithelium to the vasculature through direct endothelial cell infection [76,77].…”

Section: V) Role Of Toll-like Receptors (Tlr) or Tlr Induced Ifn Dysr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular and Humoral Immunity and Infection Responses to SARS-CoV-2:Immune Biomolecular Mechanisms by Case Study within SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Other Infections

Brown¹,

Ojha²,

Fricke³

et al. 2022

Preprint

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist, of which Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and SARS-CoV (SARS) showed higher mortality rates without causing a pandemic. As of December 2022, SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in over 6.6 million deaths worldwide through an array of acute to chronic pathologies. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden. Therefore, immune system process analysis is required to compare innate and adaptive immune system interactions. Lymphatic system organs include bone marrow and thymus using a network of nodes throughout which white blood cells traverse glycolipid membranes utilizing cytokines and chemokine gradients that affect cell development, differentiation, proliferation, and migration processes as well as genetic factors affecting cell receptor expression. Innate processes involve antigen-presenting cells and B lymphocyte cellular responses to pathogens relevant to other viral and bacterial infections but also in oncogenic diseases. Such processes utilize cluster of differentiation (CD) marker expression, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL) and chemokines. The adaptive immune system consists of Natural Killer (NK) and T cells. Other viruses are also contributory to cancer including human papillomavirus (cervical carcinoma ), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ( lymphoma), hepatitis B and C (hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell leukemia virus-1 (adult T-cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer( e.g. H. pylori). Therefore, as the above factors can cause both morbidity and mortality along-side being transmitted within clinical and community settings, it is appropriate to now examine advances in single cell sequencing, FACS analysis and many other laboratory techniques that allow insights into discoveries of newer cell types. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that over-lap with known autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cell or T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, this review quantifies and outlines the nature of specific receptors and proteins relevant to clinical laboratories and medical research by documenting both innate and adaptive immune system cells within current coronavirus immunology case study data and other pathologies to date.

show abstract

The Interplay Between Coronavirus and Type I IFN Response

Cited by 12 publications

References 224 publications

Immune response in COVID-19: what is next?

Immune response in COVID-19: what is next?

Cellular and Humoral Immunity and Infection Responses to SARS-CoV-2:Immune Biomolecular Mechanisms by Case Study within SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Other Infections

Cellular and Humoral Immunity and Infection Responses to SARS-CoV-2:Immune Biomolecular Mechanisms by Case Study within SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Other Infections

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