The Interrelationships between Intestinal Permeability and Phlegm Syndrome and Therapeutic Potential of Some Medicinal Herbs

Park, Junghyun; Choi, Tae Joon; Kang, Ki Sung; Choi, Seo-Hyung

doi:10.3390/biom11020284

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(221 reference statements)

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“…Medical plants have phytochemicals such as organic acids, flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, saponins, chlorogenic acid, secoiridoids, berberine, sesquiterpene, and sesquiterpenoid [ 197 ]. These phytochemicals have proven to treat diseases such as obesity, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, food allergies, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome [ 198 ]. As noted before, a leaky gut is usually related to diseases such as dysbiosis, immune system imbalance, IBS, and nutritional deficiencies.…”

Section: Ingredients That Help Treat Leaky Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the influence of intestinal permeability on numerous illnesses, the integrity of the gut epithelial functions is essential for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. The mechanism of actions in medical plants is broad, including regulating intestinal microbiota and permeability, upregulating both mRNA and protein expressions of claudin-1, lowering extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in hepatocytes, suppressing MLCK-MLC phosphorylation signaling pathway, and protecting on IECs against LPS-insult [ 198 ]. Recent studies suggest that herbs alleviate leaky gut-related diseases in animal studies and clinical trials [ 198 ].…”

Section: Ingredients That Help Treat Leaky Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leaky Gut and the Ingredients That Help Treat It: A Review

2023

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The human body is in daily contact with potentially toxic and infectious substances in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The GIT has the most significant load of antigens. The GIT can protect the intestinal integrity by allowing the passage of beneficial agents and blocking the path of harmful substances. Under normal conditions, a healthy intestinal barrier prevents toxic elements from entering the blood stream. However, factors such as stress, an unhealthy diet, excessive alcohol, antibiotics, and drug consumption can compromise the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the homeostasis of the intestinal barrier function of the intestine, leading to increased intestinal permeability. Intestinal hyperpermeability can allow the entry of harmful agents through the junctions of the intestinal epithelium, which pass into the bloodstream and affect various organs and systems. Thus, leaky gut syndrome and intestinal barrier dysfunction are associated with intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, as well as extra-intestinal diseases, including heart diseases, obesity, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and celiac disease. Given the relationship between intestinal permeability and numerous conditions, it is convenient to seek an excellent strategy to avoid or reduce the increase in intestinal permeability. The impact of dietary nutrients on barrier function can be crucial for designing new strategies for patients with the pathogenesis of leaky gut-related diseases associated with epithelial barrier dysfunctions. In this review article, the role of functional ingredients is suggested as mediators of leaky gut-related disorders.

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Section: Ingredients That Help Treat Leaky Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ingredients That Help Treat Leaky Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaky Gut and the Ingredients That Help Treat It: A Review

2023

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“…P05 comprises a basic composition for GERD therapy and other specific herbs. Six P05 ingredients can be added according to specific symptoms and signs since TKM is an individualized treatment for different patients with the same disease [29,31].…”

Section: Multi-compound Treatment and The Kun-shin-choa-sa Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential of pharmacological activities of the multi-compound treatment for GERD: literature review and a network pharmacology-based analysis

et al. 2021

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The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is rapidly increasing due to the adoption of a Westernized lifestyle; at the same time, safe and efficient treatment is required due to the side effects and refractoriness of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). The frequently used multi-compound treatment for GERD in the current traditional Korean medicine (TKM) clinical field comprises Crassostrea gigas Thunberg shell (CGTS), Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam (BCT), Ponciri Fructus Immaturus (PFI), Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG), medicated leaven (ML) and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (GRR). The current review was based on “Kun-Shin-Choa-Sa” theory and network analysis was conducted to explore the potential pharmacological activities, including efficacy and mechanisms of action of multi-compound treatment against GERD. Hypergeometric test results showed that the targets of multi-compound treatment are significantly associated with GERD gene sets, consistent with the literature review findings. In particular, the enrichment analysis indicated that the SBG targets are related to the IL-17 signaling pathway, bile secretion, small-cell lung cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer, corroborating the literature review, particularly concerning anti-inflammatory effect. In the literature review, CGTS and BCT, classified as “Kun,” play a role in anti-acid, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects. The complementary “Shin” herbs, PFI and SBG, showed functions related to improving the prolonged gastric emptying rate, peristalsis, and a gastric cytoprotective effect. With the role of “Choa,” ML was suggested to inhibit H. pylori growth and diminish gastric acid secretion, consistent with the gastric acid secretion pathway in the enrichment analysis. However, the enrichment analysis did not show any significantly related pathways for CGTS and PFI, which may reflect the lack of information in the KEGG database in terms of the link between GERD, its mechanisms, and the abundance of minerals in CGTS. Despite the pharmacological potential of multi-compound treatment, this study should be corroborated by well-designed future experimental studies.

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“…Numerous phytochemicals contained in plants, each or together, exert the main drug efficacy, synergistically complementing the efficacy, and alleviating side effects. Since TEAM considers the human body as one, which is a complex interacting system, and each cell, tissue, organ is originally connected to each other, therapeutic drugs to restore the energy and the overall body balance are also prescribed by TEAM doctors according to the “Kun-Shin-Choa-Sa” theory [ 10 ]. Therefore, in order to understand the role of multi-components exhibiting complex efficacy, it is necessary to overcome the limitations of existing research methods.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An important direction for future investigation is to further optimize the integrated phytochemical analysis and network pharmacology to predict multi targets. Combinatorial strategies which target multiple mechanisms, such as increasing anti-inflammatory efficacy and triggering a response of innate immune system, may offer the better chance for clinically meaningful treatment [ 10 , 12 ]. It will be necessary to adopt systems biology approaches along with omics techniques to explore the complexity of herbal medicines and phytochemicals on chronic inflammation and the underlying mechanism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%