The interrelationships of chromosome banding patterns in procyonids, viverrids, and felids

Abstract

The Giemsa banding patterns of the chromosomes of 4 species of Procyonidae, 13 of Viverridae, and 6 of Felidae have been studied. The patterns have all been related to the basic felid karyotype. Each procyonid and viverrid has a distinctive karyotype, whereas some felids have indistinguishable karyotypes even when banded. Extensive interfamilial G-banding conservatism has been demonstrated, with many chromosomes being “shared” by all three families. A chromosome identification and karyotyping system for the Carnivora has been devised to facilitate comparison of data from future studies. Phylogenetic implications of the findings have been discussed.

Mitogenomic analysis of the genus Panthera

“…Prior to the analyses, the best-fit model of DNA substitution was estimated using ModelTest ver.3.6 [27] and a general-time-reversible+gamma+invariant (GTR+I+G, G= 1.8671, I=0.5549) model proposed under the nested likelihood ratio model and AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) consideration. Three independent iterations were run for 4×10 6 generations, and sampled every 100 generations, and the first 4×10 6 generations (10%) discarded as burn-in. Parameters were plotted against generations to check that convergence had been reached well before the post burn-in portion of the data.…”

“…Early efforts included overall morphological structure, comparative morphology, and comparative karyology [6][7][8], albumin immu-nological distance, DNA-DNA hybridization, allozymes and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis [9][10][11], differential segregation of integrated retroviral sequences, sex chromosomes-linked genes, and chemical signals [12][13][14]. More recently, efforts to resolve phylogenetic relationships have focused on the mitochondrial genome [15], because the mitochondrial genome shows great variability in structure, gene content, organization, and mode of expression in the different organisms [16].…”

Conserved regions of homologous G-banded chromosomes between orders in mammalian evolution: carnivores and primates.

“…The conserved regions constitute nearly 20% by length of the human chromosomal genome. The implications of conservation of chromosome homologies between mammalian orders whose last common ancestor became extinct more than 60 million years ago is discussed.The increasing application ofchromosome banding methods to cytogenetic studies of mammalian chromosomes has made it possible to monitor more accurately the divergence of chromosome structure over tens of millions of years of mammalian evolution (1)(2)(3). By using the pattern of banding as a guide, homologous regions in the chromosomes of two species can often be identified even when the overall morphologies of the chromosomes are quite different.…”

“…By using the pattern of banding as a guide, homologous regions in the chromosomes of two species can often be identified even when the overall morphologies of the chromosomes are quite different. While the chromosomes of nearly all major mammalian taxa have been investigated with modern banding procedures, phylogenetic chromosome relationships have been extensively studied in the primates and carnivores with particular attention to the Felidae family (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14).The elegant analyses of primate phylogenies presented by Dutrillaux and co-workers have established the feasibility of tracking the cytogenetic rearrangements that have occurred during the development of the primate order (1,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). More recent studies using high-resolution banding techniques have shown that extensive chromosome banding homology exists not only between closely related primates (e.g., human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan) but also to a lesser extent between distantly related primates such as man and woolly monkey or lemur (6,7,9).…”

“…By using the pattern of banding as a guide, homologous regions in the chromosomes of two species can often be identified even when the overall morphologies of the chromosomes are quite different. While the chromosomes of nearly all major mammalian taxa have been investigated with modern banding procedures, phylogenetic chromosome relationships have been extensively studied in the primates and carnivores with particular attention to the Felidae family (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”