The Interview for Recent Life Events

Paykel, E. S.

doi:10.1017/s0033291796004424

Cited by 240 publications

(218 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…135 The SLEs and their contextual threat are most accurately assessed by structured interviews, which are preferable to selfreport questionnaires. 126,136 However, the only way to obviate the retrospective recall bias is to obtain an objective record of the SLE. 137 Of the reviewed studies, five used structured interviews, 11,15,33,35,36 one used semistructured interview, 42 nine used questionnaires 29,32,34,37,40,41,[43][44][45] and one used objective record of child abuse.…”

Section: Environmental Adversity and Stressorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the aetiology of mental illness: review and methodological analysis

2007

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Section: Environmental Adversity and Stressorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the aetiology of mental illness: review and methodological analysis

2007

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“…Therefore it is not surprising that investigators, focusing on adverse outcomes involving psychopathology especially, have developed a variety of alternative definitions of the severity of stressful life events that tend to emphasize their negative characteristics. Examples of these characteristics are undesirability (Sarason et al, 1978), objective negative impact (Paykel, 1997), the extent to which the events involve loss of resources (Hobfoll, 1989), their degree of contextual threat (Brown & Harris, 1978), and the extent to which the events are likely to contribute to uncontrollable negative changes in the usual activities of most individuals who experience them (Dohrenwend, 1998(Dohrenwend, , 2000. Dohrenwend (2000) has posited that at least six general characteristics of events are likely to contribute to the nature and extent of their contribution to uncontrollable negative changes in the usual activities of most individuals who experience them.…”

Section: Impact Of Intracategory Variability On Reliability and Validmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability.

Dohrenwend¹

2006

Psychological Bulletin

496

482

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An explosion of research on life events has occurred since the publication of the Holmes and Rahe checklist in 1967. Despite criticism, especially of their use in research on psychopathology, such economical inventories have remained dominant. Most of the problems of reliability and validity with traditional inventories can be traced to the intracategory variability of actual events reported in their broad checklist categories. The purposes of this review are, first, to examine how this problem has been addressed within the tradition of economical checklist approaches; second, to determine how it has been dealt with by far less widely used and far less economical labor-intensive interview and narrative-rating approaches; and, third, to assess the prospects for relatively economical, as well as reliable and valid, solutions. Keywordsstressful life events; checklist inventories; intracategory variability; narrative-rating methods; psychopathology Almost four decades ago, Holmes and Rahe (1967) published a checklist of 43 events, such as death of a spouse, divorce, fired at work, and sex difficulties, called the Schedule of Recent Experiences (SRE). Its purpose was to inventory "fundamentally important environmental incidents" (Meyer, 1951, p. 53) that were found (in analyses of patients' charts) to frequently precede illness onsets. Stressful events were defined as occurrences that were likely to bring about readjustment-requiring changes in people's usual activities. A magnitude estimation procedure was used by panels of judges to assign Life Change Unit (LCU) scores to each of the 43 events on the list (Holmes & Rahe, 1967). A summation of these scores on events occurring in a given, usually quite recent, period of time was taken as the indicator of amount of stress. The checklist can be answered in either a self-administered questionnaire or an interview.Since the publication of this economical measurement procedure, the SRE, a tremendous increase has occurred in the construction of such measures and in quantitative research on relations between inventoried life events and health. For example, a search of the terms life events, life change, stressful life events, and life stress (or a combination of these terms) using PsycINFO (http://www.apa.org/psycinfo) shows an increasing rate of publications on these topics, from 292 in the decade of 1967 to 1976, to 2,126 in 1977 to 1986, to 4,269 in 1987 to Breslau, 2002;Brown & Harris, 1989;Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1974;Grant, Compas, Thurm, McMahon, & Gipson, 2004;Gunderson & Rahe, 1974;Paykel, 1974;Rahe & Arthur, 1978 Tor, 1998). The common characteristic of these traditional checklists for research, whether focusing on usual situations or extreme situations, is that they consist of rather broad categories of events (e.g., divorce) rather than detailed descriptions of individual events (e.g., a divorce after a period of marital conflict over the infidelity of one's spouse).Although the emphasis has usually been on recent events in relatively brief interva...

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“…All interviews described in this review cover at least 57 different types of stressors (cf. Paykel, 1997). The LEDS covers more than 200 different types of life stressors (Brown & Harris, 1978).…”

Section: Measurement Issues In Studies Of Life Events and Bipolar Dismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Major life events tend to be remembered for about a year (Paykel, 1997), but a substantial proportion of minor events are forgotten quickly (Brown & Harris, 1982). Similarly, as we will discuss in more detail below, schedule-disrupting life events appear to be forgotten within 2 months (Winett, 2001).…”

Section: Measurement Issues In Studies Of Life Events and Bipolar Dismentioning

confidence: 99%

Life events in bipolar disorder: Towards more specific models

Johnson

2005

Clinical Psychology Review

182

167

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This article reviews the evidence concerning life events as a predictor of symptoms within bipolar disorder. First, key methodological issues in this area are described, and criteria used for including studies in this review are defined. Then findings that negative life events predict worse outcomes within bipolar disorder are reviewed. Beyond general studies on relapse, it is important to differentiate predictors of depression from predictors of mania. When severe negative life events occur, they appear to trigger increases in bipolar depression. Nonetheless, many depressions are unrelated to negative life events and appear to be triggered by other variables. The strongest evidence suggests that negative life events do not trigger mania, except perhaps in certain contexts. Retrospective findings for schedule-disrupting life events as a trigger for manic symptoms await further assessment within a longitudinal study. Life events involving goal attainment do appear to trigger manic symptoms. Overall, it is time to differentiate among specific types of life events, as these different forms of events point towards mechanisms linking stressors with symptom expression. These mechanisms provide clues into ways to integrate the social environment with biological vulnerability (see Bipolar disorder is clearly a biological disorder. Nonetheless, over the past 15 years, a wealth of research has made it abundantly clear that psychosocial variables shape outcomes of this disorder. Much of this psychosocial research has focused on whether life events predict the timing and severity of symptoms within this disorder. This paper reviews the evidence that life events are related to symptom expression within bipolar disorder. This basic question has challenged researchers for over 20 years. Given the growing literature, this paper focus on addressing two more specific questions. Which types of symptoms are related to life events? What types of life events influence symptoms? Given the growing number of studies available on these issues, this review will focus on those studies with the most rigorous methodologies. To set the stage for this endeavor, it is important to first review the major methodological issues in research on life events and bipolar disorder, including issues related to design, measurement, and sampling.

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The Interview for Recent Life Events

Abstract: The instrument is useful, has been widely applied and has the necessary qualities for ascertainment of life events in research studies.

Cited by 240 publications

References 83 publications

The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the aetiology of mental illness: review and methodological analysis

The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the aetiology of mental illness: review and methodological analysis

Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability.

Life events in bipolar disorder: Towards more specific models

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