The Intestinal Microflora of Infants: Fecal Flora of Infants with Vitamin K Deficiency

Benno, Yoshimi; Sawada, Ken; Mitsuoka, Tomotari

doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1985.tb00823.x

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The most thoroughly studied are members of the Bifidobacterium genus that have a beneficial effect on health (Mitsuoka, ; Ventura et al ., ). These bacteria are widely applied as probiotics, while their low abundance is related to a number of pathologies including rectal bleeding in infants (Benno et al ., ), allergy incidence (Kalliomaki et al ., ), irritable bowel syndrome (Rajilić‐Stojanović et al ., ) and abdominal pain in healthy subjects (Jalanka‐Tuovinen et al ., ). The influence of different Bacteroidetes on the human health is more challenging to explain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most thoroughly studied are members of the Bifidobacterium genus that have a beneficial effect on health (Mit-suoka, 1990;Ventura et al, 2009). These bacteria are widely applied as probiotics, while their low abundance is related to a number of pathologies including rectal bleeding in infants (Benno et al, 1985), allergy incidence (Kalliomaki et al, 2001), irritable bowel syndrome (Rajilić-Stojanović et al, 2011) and abdominal pain in healthy (Waidmann et al, 2003), while Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron improves host's nutritional and defensive functions (Hooper et al, 1999;Hooper and Gordon, 2001). Furthermore, mother milk's non-digestible oligosaccharides promote growth of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium species in infants (Marcobal et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long‐term monitoring of the human intestinal microbiota composition

Rajilić‐Stojanović

Heilig

Tims

et al. 2013

Environmental Microbiology

219

148

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The microbiota that colonizes the human intestinal tract is complex and its structure is specific for each of us. In this study we expand the knowledge about the stability of the subject-specific microbiota and show that this ecosystem is stable in short-term intervals (< 1 year) but also during long periods of time (> 10 years). The faecal microbiota composition of five unrelated and healthy subjects was analysed using a comprehensive and highly reproducible phylogenetic microarray, the HITChip. The results show that the use of antibiotics, application of specific dietary regimes and distant travelling have limited impact on the microbiota composition. Several anaerobic genera, including Bifidobacterium and a number of genera within the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes phylum, exhibit significantly higher similarity than the total microbiota. Although the gut microbiota contains subject-specific species, the presence of which is preserved throughout the years, their relative abundance changes considerably. Consequently, the recently proposed enterotype status appears to be a varying characteristic of the microbiota. Our data show that the intestinal microbiota contains a core community of permanent colonizers, and that environmentally introduced changes of the microbiota throughout adulthood are primarily affecting the abundance but not the presence of specific microbial species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term monitoring of the human intestinal microbiota composition

Rajilić‐Stojanović

Heilig

Tims

et al. 2013

Environmental Microbiology

219

148

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“…are assumed to have a beneficial effect on health ( Mitsuoka, 1990 ) and several members of the Bifidobacterium genus are commercially applied as probiotics. The most relevant observation is that these bacteria have decreased abundance in relation to a number of diseases including vitamin K deficiency ( Benno et al , 1985 ), atopic diseases ( Kalliomaki et al , 2001 ), irritable bowel syndrome ( Kerckhoffs et al , 2009 ; Rajilić-Stojanović et al , 2011 ), and autism ( Wang et al , 2011a ). Moreover, Bifidobacterium spp.…”

Section: Introduction – a Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota

2014

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The microorganisms that inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract comprise a complex ecosystem with functions that significantly contribute to our systemic metabolism and have an impact on health and disease. In line with its importance, the human gastrointestinal microbiota has been extensively studied. Despite the fact that a significant part of the intestinal microorganisms has not yet been cultured, presently over 1000 different microbial species that can reside in the human gastrointestinal tract have been identified. This review provides a systematic overview and detailed references of the total of 1057 intestinal species of Eukarya (92), Archaea (8) and Bacteria (957), based on the phylogenetic framework of their small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Moreover, it unifies knowledge about the prevalence, abundance, stability, physiology, genetics and the association with human health of these gastrointestinal microorganisms, which is currently scattered over a vast amount of literature published in the last 150 years. This detailed physiological and genetic information is expected to be instrumental in advancing our knowledge of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Moreover, it opens avenues for future comparative and functional metagenomic and other high-throughput approaches that need a systematic and physiological basis to have an impact.

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“…56 Abnormal flora of the gut has been discussed as a possible cause of VKDB. 58 The details of the VK cycle are given in a number of reviews. 55,59 Vitamin K 1 is converted by microsomal reductases into the active form (KH 2 ), the hydroquinone of VK.…”

Section: Physiology and Pathophysiology Of Vitamin K Absorption Stormentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Infants and Children

Sutor¹

1995

Semin Thromb Hemost

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The historical term "hemorrhagic disease of the newborn," which is used as a synonym for vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) in infancy, preferably should be abandoned, since neonatal bleeding is often not due to vitamin K (VK) deficiency and VKDB may occur after the neonatal period. VKDB is a form of bleeding that is caused by reduced activity of VK-dependent coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, X), has normal or even increased activity of VK-independent coagulation factors, and responds to VK. Acarboxy proteins are present. In a bleeding infant a prolonged one-stage prothrombin time (a decreased Quick value, which means prothrombin time expressed as percent of normal) in association with a normal (or increased) fibrinogen level and platelet count is almost diagnostic of VKDB. The diagnosis is proven, if administration of VK is followed by a shortening of the prothrombin time (after only 30 minutes) or cessation of bleeding. Classification is by age of onset as early, classic, and late form of VKDB. Rare cases of VKDB occur also after week 15; therefore the upper age limit should be 6 months and not 3 months. In idiopathic VKDB the cause (ther than breast-feeding) is unknown. In secondary VKDB additional factors can be demonstrated, such as poor intake or absorption of VK and increased consumption of VK. Most often cholestasis is present. Postnatal VK provides effective protection from the classic and late form of VKDB. The classic form can be prevented equally well by a single oral dose of 1 mg VK after birth as by parenteral VK. Parenteral prophylaxis appears to be more effective in preventing the late form, especially in patients with hepatobiliary disease. The protection achieved by single oral prophylaxis can be improved by repeated oral administration. In addition to reducing the incidence of VKDB, VK prophylaxis also reduced the proportion of intracranial hemorrhages and increases the age at onset of bleeding, parenteral prophylaxis being more effective than single oral prophylaxis in this respect. Because of the potential risks (cancer?) associated with extremely high levels of VK (20,000-fold the normal value for healthy newborns) and the possibility of injection injury, parenteral VK has been questioned as the first choice of prophylaxis for normal neonates. These disadvantages do not apply to oral prophylaxis. The major disadvantage of oral prophylaxis, namely, its lesser reliability in terms of intake and absorption, could be largely overcome by repeated administration. Although VK prophylaxis seems to be necessary only for breast-fed infants, breast-feeding should be promoted. As VK is involved not only in coagulation but also in carboxylation with multiple effects, care should be taken to avoid any excessive deviation from the physiologic conditions, that prevail in the fully breast-fed healthy mature infant, with low VK levels in the postnatal period. Repeated (daily or weekly) oral doses of VK are closer to physiologic conditions than single parenteral bolus doses, which expose neonates to excessiv...

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The Intestinal Microflora of Infants: Fecal Flora of Infants with Vitamin K Deficiency

Cited by 15 publications

References 18 publications

Long‐term monitoring of the human intestinal microbiota composition

Long‐term monitoring of the human intestinal microbiota composition

The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota

Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Infants and Children

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