The intracellular reserve polysaccharide of <i>Clostridium pasteurianum</i>

Darvill, Alan G.; Hall, Michael; Fish, J. P.; Morris, Jonathan

doi:10.1139/m77-141

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The structure of granulose in C. acetobutylicum P262 was similar to that in C. pasteurianum (6,8) and consisted of a high-molecular-weight polyglucan containing only a(1->4)linked D-glucopyranose units. This structure differed from the glycogen-like polymers with ot(1--6)-linked branched chains which occur in C. butyricum and C. botulinum (4,18,34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Characterization, Biosynthesis, and Regulation of Granulose in Clostridium acetobutylicum

Reysenbach

Ravenscroft

Long

et al. 1986

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Synthesis of granulose was investigated in 15 solvent-producing Clostridium strains. Only one of the strains did not produce granulose. The structure of granulose in Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 consisted of a high-molecular-weight polyglucan containing only (1-4) linked D-glucopyranose units. Biosynthesis of granulose in C. acetobutylicum P262 was dependent on ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, and granulose synthase and mutants defective in granulose accumulation lacked either one or both enzyme activities. Granulosepositive revertants exhibited both enzyme activities. ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase and granulose synthase were not subject to allosteric control by metabolites. Granulose accumulation and the biosynthetic enzyme activities were initiated immediately before the pH breakpoint and were detected in cells only at the end of the exponential growth phase. Granulose accumulation did not occur under conditions of nitrogen limitation, excess carbon, or excess energy. The accumulation of glycogen-like reserve polymers is widespread among bacteria and usually occurs under conditions in which growth is limited in the presence of an excess carbon and energy source (9, 28). Glycogen biosynthesis occurs via the ADPglucose pathway in bacteria (28). The key enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis are ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27) and glycogen (granulose) synthase (EC 2.4.1.21) which catalyze the following reactions:

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…A preparation of granulose granules was obtained from the extract by differential centrifugation as described by Robson et al (31). The polysaccharide was extracted by the KOH and ethanol procedure of Darvil et al (8).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization, Biosynthesis, and Regulation of Granulose in Clostridium acetobutylicum

Reysenbach

Ravenscroft

Long

et al. 1986

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The polysaccharide has been designated granulose and determined in C. saccharobutylicum to consist of an α(1→4)-polyglucan of high molecular weight (52). In C. botulinum, C. butyricum, and C. pasteurianum, similar polymers have been detected, which are, in part, branched and sometimes identical to amylopectin or glycogen (53)(54)(55)(56)(57). The existence of this storage material was observed early in the last century, made visible by iodine staining, and used for differentiation (58,59).…”

Section: Sporulation In Clostridium Morphology Of Spores Spore Contementioning

confidence: 97%

Physiology and Sporulation in Clostridium

Dürre

2014

Microbiol Spectr

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Clostridia are Gram-positive, anaerobic, endospore-forming bacteria, incapable of dissimilatory sulfate reduction. Comprising approximately 180 species, the genus Clostridium is one of the largest bacterial genera. Physiology is mostly devoted to acid production. Numerous pathways are known, such as the homoacetate fermentation by acetogens, the propionate fermentation by Clostridium propionicum, and the butyrate/butanol fermentation by C. acetobutylicum, a well-known solvent producer. Clostridia degrade sugars, alcohols, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, and polymers such as starch and cellulose. Energy conservation can be performed by substrate-level phosphorylation as well as by the generation of ion gradients. Endospore formation resembles the mechanism elucidated in Bacillus. Morphology, contents, and properties of spores are very similar to bacilli endospores. Sporulating clostridia usually form swollen mother cells and accumulate the storage substance granulose. However, clostridial sporulation differs by not employing the so-called phosphorelay. Initiation starts by direct phosphorylation of the master regulator Spo0A. The cascade of sporulation-specific sigma factors is again identical to what is known from Bacillus. The onset of sporulation is coupled in some species to either solvent (acetone, butanol) or toxin (e.g., C. perfringens enterotoxin) formation. The germination of spores is often induced by various amino acids, often in combination with phosphate and sodium ions. In medical applications, C. butyricum spores are used as a C. difficile prophylaxis and as treatment against diarrhea. Recombinant spores are currently under investigation and testing as antitumor agents, because they germinate only in hypoxic tissues (i.e., tumor tissue), allowing precise targeting and direct killing of tumor cells.

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“…However, these enzymes have recently been reviewed (119) and their various properties reported (68). Glycogen, however, does not appear to be necessary for bacterial growth; many mutants of E. coli (17,49,50,125), Salmonella typ himurium (158), and Clostridium pasteurianum (32), deficient in glycogen synthesis, as well as a mutant of E. coli having a deletion of the structural genes of the glycogen biosynthetic enzymes (29,144), grow as well as their normal parent strailns. Holme in 1957 (66) showed that in E. coli B the rate of growth and.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%