The intron-enriched HERV-K(HML-10) family suppresses apoptosis, an indicator of malignant transformation

Broecker, Felix; Horton, Roger W.; Heinrich, Jochen; Franz, Alexandra; Schweiger, Michal-Ruth; Lehrach, Hans; Moelling, Karin

doi:10.1186/s13100-016-0081-9

Cited by 23 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Furthermore, RNA agents, including RNA viruses and viroids, typically lack proofreading mechanisms during their replication and thus can accumulate mutations more rapidly than replicating DNAs . Retroviruses, with their high genomic plasticity and life cycle that includes obligatory integration into the host genome, are among the major drivers of evolution by, among other things, providing novel genes and regulatory elements . Retroviruses have accumulated in large numbers into eukaryotic genomes, mediate HGT, transduce cellular genes including oncogenes, and contribute to cancer …”

Section: Beyond Darwin?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each retroviral infection, following reverse transcription of the ssRNA genome into a dsDNA provirus, supplies the host cell's genome with a set of new genes, gag , pol , and env and auxiliary genes, as in the case of lentiviruses like HIV . Retroviral insertion can induce downstream activation of cellular genes by the retroviral promoter, or insertional inactivation . Such events are a potential cause of chronic diseases, including cancer.…”

Section: Viruses As Drivers Of Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This raises the question about what the upper limit of retrovirus‐related insertions may be in eukaryotic genomes. The majority of endogenous retroviruses have been degenerated by homologous recombination of the long terminal repeats (LTRs) and elimination of the internal sequences . These solitary LTRs are so abundant that the total genetic information would be longer than the human genome itself if they were full‐length retroviruses of about 10 kilobases.…”

Section: Endogenous Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other than providing novel genes to the host, endogenous retroviruses and other retroelements have been shown to regulate host gene expression by providing promoters, enhancers, transcription factor binding sites, and other regulatory elements. We have shown that some LTRs of the HERV‐K(HML‐10) family of HERVs, which invaded the ancestral genome about 35 million years ago, have retained promoter activity . Moreover, one of the LTRs primes a regulatory transcript that suppresses the expression of the death‐associated protein‐3 gene ( DAP3 ) implicated in apoptosis .…”

Section: Endogenous Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a single endogenous retrovirus is unlikely a major cause of cancer; rather it may contribute to the phenotype of specific cancerous cells. Similar regulatory transcripts originating from other LTRs in the human genome likely contribute to the complex network of human gene regulation and possibly to cancer . In addition, endogenous retroviruses have been shown to provide regulatory elements including transcription factor binding sites to mammalian genes, which, for example, have been shown to modulate innate immunity pathways …”

Section: Endogenous Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What viruses tell us about evolution and immunity: beyond Darwin?

Broecker

Moelling

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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We describe mechanisms of genetic innovation mediated by viruses and related elements that, during evolution, caused major genetic changes beyond what was anticipated by Charles Darwin. Viruses and related elements introduced genetic information and have shaped the genomes and immune systems of all cellular life forms. None of these mechanisms contradict Darwin's theory of evolution but extend it by means of sequence information that has recently become available. Not only do small increments of genetic information contribute to evolution, but also do major events such as infection by viruses or bacteria, which can supply new genetic information to a host by horizontal gene transfer. Thereby, viruses and virus‐like elements act as major drivers of evolution.

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Section: Beyond Darwin?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Viruses As Drivers Of Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Endogenous Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Endogenous Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Endogenous Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

What viruses tell us about evolution and immunity: beyond Darwin?

Broecker

Moelling

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Viruses More Friends than Foes

Moelling

2019

Electroanalysis

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Viruses are normally defined as pathogens and have a bad reputation because of pandemics such as Influenza, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and SARS. Most viruses are, however, not enemies or killers but play important roles in the origin, development and maintenance of life of all species on our planet. This is new information we learnt by new technologies such as sequencing. Viruses are the most successful species on Earth, they are ubiquitous, in the oceans, in our environment, in animals, plants, bacteria, up in the air, perhaps even in the universe, within our body and even as part of our genomes. They influence our health, our well‐being, mental properties, our gut microbiota including obesity, and may help to cope with multi‐drug‐resistant bacteria. There the phages, viruses of bacteria, raise hopes. Viruses built our immunity: viruses protect against viruses. We do not have to lay eggs – thanks to viruses! They are the drivers of evolution and adaptation to environmental changes, also e. g. in plankton. The success story of viruses started about 3.5 billion years ago when life began. Newly discovered giant viruses are almost bacteria in their composition, suggesting that the borderline between dead matter and life is continuous. There are many open questions – how did life begin, is there life on exoplanets, how to find it? Are virus‐like elements, viroids, important for the origin of life? Will viruses eliminate mankind [1]?

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The role of endogenous retroviruses‐K in human cancer

Salavatiha

Soleimani‐Jelodar

Jalilvand

2020

Reviews in Medical Virology

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It is known that human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) constitute almost 8% of the human genome. Although the expression of HERVs from the human genome is tightly regulated, different exogenous and endogenous factors could trigger HERV activation. Aberrant expression of different HERVs may potentially cause a variety of diseases such as neurological and autoimmune diseases as well as cancer. It is suggested that HERV-K can induce cancer through different mechanisms that are discussed. The interplay between some tumor viruses and HERV-K seems to be a key player in progression of viral-associated cancers because elevated levels of Rec and Np9 proteins are observed in several cancers. The frequent over expression of HERV proteins and some specific antibodies in cancer cells could be considered as suitable prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment of cancers. The expression of HERV proteins in cancers and development of immune responses against them may also be used as targets for cancer immunotherapy. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the role of HERVs in cancer formation and use of different HERV proteins in developing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for cancer treatments.

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The intron-enriched HERV-K(HML-10) family suppresses apoptosis, an indicator of malignant transformation

Cited by 23 publications

References 78 publications

What viruses tell us about evolution and immunity: beyond Darwin?

What viruses tell us about evolution and immunity: beyond Darwin?

Viruses More Friends than Foes

The role of endogenous retroviruses‐K in human cancer

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