The Invention and Development of the Hollerith Punched Card: In Commemoration of the 130th Anniversary of the Birth of Herman Hollerith and for the 100th Anniversary of Large Scale Data Processing

Kistermann, F.W.

doi:10.1109/mahc.1991.10023

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Digitisation of individuals can be traced to 1890, when Hollerith built on previous work by Jacquard and Babbage, used an 80-column punched-card to express US Census data, and thereby launched the era of machine-readable personal data (Kistermann, 1991). The application of computing to administrative data commenced in 1951 at the Lyons Tea Company in the United Kingdom (Land, 2000).…”

Section: Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks inherent in the digital surveillance economy: A research agenda

Clarke

2019

Journal of Information Technology

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The digitisation of data about the world relevant to business has given rise to a new phase of digitalisation of business itself. The digitisation of data about people has linked with the notions of information society, surveillance society, surveillance state and surveillance capitalism, and given rise to what is referred to in this article as the digital surveillance economy. At the heart of this is a new form of business model that is predicated on the acquisition and consolidation of very large volumes of personal data, and its exploitation to target advertisements, manipulate consumer behaviour, and price goods and services at the highest level that each individual is willing to bear. In the words of the model’s architects, users are ‘bribed’ and ‘induced’ to make their data available at minimal cost to marketers. The digital surveillance economy harbours serious threats to the interests of individuals, societies and polities. That in turn creates risks for corporations. The new economic wave may prove to be a tsunami that swamps the social dimension and washes away the last five centuries’ individualism and humanism. Alternatively, institutional adaptation might occur, overcoming the worst of the negative impacts; or a breaking-point could be reached and consumers might rebel against corporate domination. A research agenda is proposed, to provide a framework within which alternative scenarios can be investigated.

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Section: Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks inherent in the digital surveillance economy: A research agenda

Clarke

2019

Journal of Information Technology

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“…At that time it was the case that only one punch position was allowed in each column of the card-a five-column field was used to hold a five-digit value. 10 Truesdell 21 named this type of punched card the "Key Punch card." It can also be called a decimal Hollerith card because it was made to hold decimal numbers.…”

Section: Photo By Karl-otto Reimersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decimal card was also used with the agricultural census taken as part of the 1900 U.S. Census. 10 This 1900 agricultural census, with 122.5 million punch cards, afforded the grouping of quantitative items, for example, to classify farms according to their size. Hollerith invented and manufactured for this purpose a horizontal sorting machine.…”

Section: Photo By Karl-otto Reimersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…100 The cards were then used by the regional statistical offices to make a manual tallying of the population according to age groups and descent. These summarized data were given to the SRA in Berlin by Nov. 10,1939, so that the SRA was able to publish the data on Jews and Mischlinge. The report has also remarked about the meaning of these figures "and show that the mixing of the German people with the Jews against all suspicion, which is based on estimates derived from available, but inadequate data, is negligible."…”

Section: Supplementary Card (Ergänzungskarte)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 But a great effort has still to be doneespecially technical development has to be researched if we are to understand the application of this technology and the interaction between its application and developments, including its social influence. 10,11 This article is intended to give a systematic overview of punched card technology in census work. I initiated my research for this article in 1984 when Götz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth published the book Die restlose Erfassung (The Total Registration) and Rudolf Lindner et al published the book Planen, Entscheiden, Herrschen (Planning, Deciding, Ruling).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Locating the victims: the nonrole of punched card technology and census work

Kistermann¹

1997

IEEE Annals Hist. Comput.

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This article is designed to provide information regarding the development of punched card technology for use in both census and commercial applications. After describing the different types of technology and how they were used, this article provides a detailed description of census requirementsand, in particular, the German censuses of 1925, 1933, and 1939-in an effort to counter arguments that German authorities used the results of these censuses during the Holocaust period. Extensive references are provided to enable others to have access to information from that era.

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Recent advancements in metal oxide‐based hybrid nanocomposite resistive random‐access memories for artificial intelligence

Kumar,

Bhardwaj,

Singh

et al. 2024

InfoMat

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Artificial intelligence (AI) advancements are driving the need for highly parallel and energy‐efficient computing analogous to the human brain and visual system. Inspired by the human brain, resistive random‐access memories (ReRAMs) have recently emerged as an essential component of the intelligent circuitry architecture for developing high‐performance neuromorphic computing systems. This occurs due to their fast switching with ultralow power consumption, high ON/OFF ratio, excellent data retention, good endurance, and even great possibilities for altering resistance analogous to their biological counterparts for neuromorphic computing applications. Additionally, with the advantages of photoelectric dual modulation of resistive switching, ReRAMs allow optically inspired artificial neural networks and reconfigurable logic operations, promoting innovative in‐memory computing technology for neuromorphic computing and image recognition tasks. Optoelectronic neuromorphic computing architectured ReRAMs can simulate neural functionalities, such as light‐triggered long‐term/short‐term plasticity. They can be used in intelligent robotics and bionic neurological optoelectronic systems. Metal oxide (MOx)–polymer hybrid nanocomposites can be beneficial as an active layer of the bistable metal–insulator–metal ReRAM devices, which hold promise for developing high‐performance memory technology. This review explores the state of the art for developing memory storage, advancement in materials, and switching mechanisms for selecting the appropriate materials as active layers of ReRAMs to boost the ON/OFF ratio, flexibility, and memory density while lowering programming voltage. Furthermore, material design cum‐synthesis strategies that greatly influence the overall performance of MOx–polymer hybrid nanocomposite ReRAMs and their performances are highlighted. Additionally, the recent progress of multifunctional optoelectronic MOx–polymer hybrid composites‐based ReRAMs are explored as artificial synapses for neural networks to emulate neuromorphic visualization and memorize information. Finally, the challenges, limitations, and future outlooks of the fabrication of MOx–polymer hybrid composite ReRAMs over the conventional von Neumann computing systems are discussed.image

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The Invention and Development of the Hollerith Punched Card: In Commemoration of the 130th Anniversary of the Birth of Herman Hollerith and for the 100th Anniversary of Large Scale Data Processing

Cited by 16 publications

References 5 publications

Risks inherent in the digital surveillance economy: A research agenda

Risks inherent in the digital surveillance economy: A research agenda

Locating the victims: the nonrole of punched card technology and census work

Recent advancements in metal oxide‐based hybrid nanocomposite resistive random‐access memories for artificial intelligence

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