The investigation of CuxZnSnSe4 bulks with x=1.4–2.2 for debating the Cu excess and Cu deficiency used in thin-film solar cells

Cu2ZnSnSb(S,Se,Te)4 film formation from selenization of sputtered self-prepared single ceramic target

“…As can be seen, all the samples show strong Raman peaks at 172 cm -1 , 196 cm -1 and 233 cm -1 respectively, which are in good agreement with the Raman scattering feature of CZTSe reported in the literature[26,30]. The intense peak at 196 cm -1 corresponds to the main vibrational A 1 symmetry modes from CZTSe[31].…”

Carrier Transport Properties

“…The open circles in Figure 7.13 show the hole Hall mobilities plotted versus hole concentration (p) obtained from Cu-deficient/Cu-rich CZTSe thin films by Kuo and Tsega [62]. All these data fall within the stoichiometric μ h versus p plot region.…”

“…These measurements were performed on Cu-deficient CZTS [43], Cu-deficient CZTSe [59], Cu-deficient and Zn-rich CZTSe [60], Cu-rich CZTSe [61], Cu-deficient/Cu-rich CZTSe [62], Cu-deficient and Sn-rich CZTSe [63], and Cudeficient CZTSSe [64]. These measurements were performed on Cu-deficient CZTS [43], Cu-deficient CZTSe [59], Cu-deficient and Zn-rich CZTSe [60], Cu-rich CZTSe [61], Cu-deficient/Cu-rich CZTSe [62], Cu-deficient and Sn-rich CZTSe [63], and Cudeficient CZTSSe [64].…”

“…These measurements were performed on Cu-deficient CZTS [43], Cu-deficient CZTSe [59], Cu-deficient and Zn-rich CZTSe [60], Cu-rich CZTSe [61], Cu-deficient/Cu-rich CZTSe [62], Cu-deficient and Sn-rich CZTSe [63], and Cudeficient CZTSSe [64]. Note that such CZTSe-based crystals investigated by Kuo et al [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68] were synthesized by reactive liquid-phase sintering at 600 C for 2 h with the help of sintering aids of Sb 2 S 3 and Te. These crystals were Cu 1.75 Zn(Al x Sn 1−x )Se 4 with x = 0-0.6 [65], Cu 1.75 Zn(Ga x Sn 1−x )Se 4 with x = 0-0.6 [66], Cu 1.75 Zn(In x Sn 1−x )Se 4 with x = 0-0.6 [67], and (Cu 2−x Mg x )ZnSnSe 4 with x = 0-0.4 [68].…”

“…The open symbols show the experimental p-CZTSe data taken from Kuo and Tsega[62] (open circles) and Tsega and Kuo[59,61] and Kuo and Wubet[63] (open triangles). The open symbols show the experimental p-CZTSe data taken from Kuo and Tsega[62] (open circles) and Tsega and Kuo[59,61] and Kuo and Wubet[63] (open triangles).…”