The death of a patient in the operating room frequently causes great distress to the patient's family, and the surgical team members who performed the procedure typically feel uneasy about it afterward. Anesthetic death is characterized as a death that happens 24 hours after anesthesia is administered and is caused by anesthetic-related factors. However, death can come much later because of its complications. This review thoroughly explains mortality resulting from surgery and anesthesia, including autopsy reports, investigative data, analytical techniques, and conclusions. Following surgery and anesthesia-related death, in case of death after surgery, an autopsy determines the cause of death and if the procedure had any impact on it. Individuals who pass away during or after surgery may do so for a wide range of reasons, such as a generally natural condition, an early or late surgical complication, an anesthetic problem, or an error during the operation or anesthesia. The pathologist should take the results of the examination into account while looking into an anesthetic death. In the majority of anesthesia-related deaths, autopsies reveal little diagnostic information with the absence of an underlying cause of death. The analyses help determine and estimate the dosage of medication given, as well as the amount of anesthetic agent overdose provided before death. The best consensus opinion to provide the investigative authorities and courts of law for the cause of death investigation may come from a discussion amongst forensic pathologists, surgeons, and anesthetists. In conclusion, the family and friends of the deceased are greatly affected by an unexpected or unexplained death, and the organizations entrusted with determining the cause of death bear a great deal of responsibility. Science and technology are becoming more and more important in death investigations. Following precise and well-founded procedures is one of the science's defining characteristics.
