The investigation of immunomodulatory activities of Gloeostereum�incaratum polysaccharides in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression mice

Abstract

Abstract. Gloeostereum incarnatum, a precious edible mushroom, displays anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its immunomodulatory effect has not been studied yet. The present study aimed to investigate whether polysaccharide compositions of G. incarnatum polysaccharides (GIPS) possess immunomodulatory and immuno-enhancing effects in a Cyclophosphamide monohydrate (CTX)-induced BALB/c mice model. The 28-day GIPS administration at doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.9 g/kg remarkably reversed the bodyweight loss, increased the thymic index and promoted T lymphocyte proliferation in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. GIPS significantly raised the serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG, promoted the production of interleukins (ILs), including IL-2, IL-3 and IL-6, interferons, including interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-γ, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in the spleen, which resulted in accelerating recovery of immunosuppression. Finally, GIPS showed anti-oxidative effects indicated by the increased superoxide dismutase levels in the serum and spleen, and the reduced level of reactive oxygen species in the spleen. The results of the current study demonstrated that GIPS positively adjusts the immune system, which may serve as a potential immunostimulatory agent. IntroductionThe immune system, a complex self-regulation system, is responsible for the defense function of organism to prevent outside pathogens, remove the waste material and maintain the monitoring function for malignant cells (1). The immune system is highly sensitive (2), and shows impaired immune responsiveness to pathogen invasion, during which, immune cells are activated and secret pro-inflammatory mediators including interleukins (ILs) and interferons (INFs) are increased (3,4). And immunity closely related to oxidative stress, which could lead to aberrant expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (5). Cyclophosphamide monohydrate (CTX), a cancer chemotherapeutic agent, facilitates cell apoptosis and decreases the homeostatic proliferation of regulatory T cells (6), which has been widely used in the establishment of immunosuppressive animal models (7-9).Previous researchers focus their studies on searching immunomodulatory agents for years (10). However, the drugs performed in clinic, especially single-component chemicals, display severe adverse effects including general malaise and/or neurotoxicity (11,12), which is hard to meet the requirements of immunosuppressive patients. Dietary polysaccharides from natural products are getting more attention due to their health benefits and low toxicity (13,14), which have been confirmed to exhibit multiple immunomodulatory effects (15,16). Gloeostereum incarnatum, a precious edible mushroom, parasitizes broad-leaved wood in northern Japan and northern China (17). Traditionally, G. incarnatum preparation is widely used for the treatment for enteritis, dysentery and gastric ulcer (18). Polysaccharides obtained from G. incarnatum fruiting body have been reported to possess anti-tumor and ant...

Protective effect of Gloeostereum�incarnatum on ulcerative colitis via modulation of Nrf2/NF‑κB signaling in C57BL/6 mice

“…For example, Ganoderma lucidum alleviates intestinal damage induced by indomethacin in mice ( 43 ) and Hericium erinaceus improves testicular damage via its antioxidative effects and regulation of the GPR41/43 receptor in UC rats and Caco-2 cells ( 44 ). Based on the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of GI reported previously ( 7 ), the present study successfully confirmed its protective effect against UC in C57BL/6 mice.…”

“…water for the remaining 21 days. The doses of GI and SASP were selected based on previous studies ( 7 , 33 ) and our preliminary experiments (data not shown). On the 28th day, blood samples were collected from the orbital venous plexus of the mice and the mice were then euthanized by intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital (Xiya Reagent Co., Ltd.); mortality was characterized by cessation of heartbeat ( 34 ).…”

“…Inflammation of the colon is due to an imbalance between the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, and the migration of neutrophils to the damaged site, leading to the accumulation of inflammatory factors ( 6 ). Interleukin (IL)-6, closely associated with the differentiation and maturation of B cells, promotes the function of pro-inflammatory cells and inhibits the regulation of immune-related cells including T cells ( 7 ), both of which increase the levels of pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1 and IL-17 ( 8 ). Therefore, blocking the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines may be a method for the potential treatment of UC ( 9 ).…”

Anti-Cancer Effects of Panax ginseng Berry Polysaccharides via Activation of Immune-Related Cells

“…NK cells are capable of elicit the lysis and death of target cells by producing granzyme and perforins (Voskoboinik et al, 2015). Moreover, NK cells present anti-cancer and antiviral effect by releasing various pro-inflammatory factors involving IFN-γ (Wang et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018). Previous studies have shown that ginseng and its major active components are responsible for the chemo-preventive effects following the activated NK cells (Choi et al, 2017;Shin et al, 2017).…”

Preventive Effect of the Herbal Preparation, HemoHIM, on Cisplatin-Induced Immune Suppression

“…Ginseng has the effect of immunomodulatory enhancing the expression of IL-1 and TNF [26] and Curcuma longa inhibit Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance and proinflammatory cytokine production [27]. The immune regulation of polysaccharides isolated from natural extracts has also been reported [28, 29]. HemoHIM is a herbal medicine composed of hot water extracts of Angelica gigas Nakai, Cnidium officinale Makino, and Paeonia japonica Miyabe with enhanced crude polysaccharide content, which are active ingredients that enhance immunity and hematopoiesis.…”