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The focus of this study is on large flow meters, for which there is limited information due to their large size, making testing and research challenging. This research was conducted to quantify the effects of various accessories located upstream of these meters. Even a small percentage of variation in error can correspond to a significant volume of water. Accurate meters are crucial in many applications that involve large volumes of water as precise flow measurements are necessary for smooth and efficient processes while avoiding costly errors and downtime. Inaccurate large water meters can have far-reaching implications, such as overbilling or underbilling and production inefficiencies, which result in wasted resources and energy. Furthermore, inaccurate flow measurements can lead to environmental consequences as industries must comply with strict regulations regarding wastewater discharge limits. Uncertainty about the economic impact of an accessory installed upstream of a medium-sized water meter leads many water utilities to oversize the meter chambers to mitigate potential negative errors. In this study, six types of elements were tested upstream of ten brand-new water meters from six different manufacturers, constructed using four different metering technologies: single-jet, Woltmann, electromagnetic, and ultrasonic. Each meter unit was tested at five flow rates, ranging from the minimum to overload. The tests were conducted with accessories set in different orientations and distances upstream of the water meters under study. The research shows that the accessories used can cause significant deviations in measuring errors compared to the regular errors found under undisturbed working conditions.
The focus of this study is on large flow meters, for which there is limited information due to their large size, making testing and research challenging. This research was conducted to quantify the effects of various accessories located upstream of these meters. Even a small percentage of variation in error can correspond to a significant volume of water. Accurate meters are crucial in many applications that involve large volumes of water as precise flow measurements are necessary for smooth and efficient processes while avoiding costly errors and downtime. Inaccurate large water meters can have far-reaching implications, such as overbilling or underbilling and production inefficiencies, which result in wasted resources and energy. Furthermore, inaccurate flow measurements can lead to environmental consequences as industries must comply with strict regulations regarding wastewater discharge limits. Uncertainty about the economic impact of an accessory installed upstream of a medium-sized water meter leads many water utilities to oversize the meter chambers to mitigate potential negative errors. In this study, six types of elements were tested upstream of ten brand-new water meters from six different manufacturers, constructed using four different metering technologies: single-jet, Woltmann, electromagnetic, and ultrasonic. Each meter unit was tested at five flow rates, ranging from the minimum to overload. The tests were conducted with accessories set in different orientations and distances upstream of the water meters under study. The research shows that the accessories used can cause significant deviations in measuring errors compared to the regular errors found under undisturbed working conditions.
This paper describes a method to reduce false velocity detection by applying a partial inversion pulse (PIP) to the ultrasonic time-domain cross-correlation (UTDC) method. False detection occurs when we attempt to expand the velocity range of UTDC (same as the aliasing limit of the pulsed Doppler method). Specifically, the effects of three parameters that are important for practical use and have not been discussed before were examined, and recommended values for them were determined. The UTDC method can obtain the flow velocity profile along an ultrasonic beam by transmitting and receiving pulses. The PIP is a waveform that is phase-inverted within a pulse that is half as short as a conventional waveform, and it can reduce false detection by simply applying to the UTDC method. The three important parameters are the width of the reference window, the number density of reflective particles in the measurement volume, and the threshold for the cross-correlation coefficient. The PIP waveform was modeled, and the influences of these parameters were evaluated by simulations that calculate the correlation coefficient for single pulses and for waveforms overlapped with up to three pulses. In addition, the method was also experimentally verified in a pipe flow. Tests were also carried out with various number densities of reflectors. From these results, the effect of applying the PIP was confirmed for all values of these parameters. Specifically, the PIP can shift and reduce the peak of the first sidelobe in the correlation coefficient. As recommended values for each parameter, the experimental results showed that the width of the reference window should be equal to the pulse width, the number density of reflectors should be about one in the measurement volume, and the threshold value of the correlation coefficient should be about 0.5–0.7.
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