The Invisibility of Race: A Pragmatic Approximation to the Concept

Abstract

Our society is racially characterized by subtle forms of discrimination and prejudice. At the present time, people have adopted an attitude of racial denial, reinforcing an attitude of racial invisibility. This study is the first qualitative attempt to measure Franklin's paradigm, the invisible paradigm. Using data from the African-American study (N=2, 864), I examine the relation between race invisibility with discrimination, social recognition, and group affiliation. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) discrimination affects the individual's perception of race visibility, micro-aggression, and group affiliation; (2) social recognition is related to group affiliation and visibility; and (3) group affiliation mediates the relationship between discrimination and visibility. Results from the path analysis show that perceived discrimination has a negative and significant association with micro-aggression and visibility and a positive and significant association with group affiliation. Group affiliation mediated the relationship between discrimination and visibility. Social recognition, however, does not affect race visibility directly. Its effect is mediated through group affiliation. This study contributes to the social knowledge of the way discrimination affects minority ethnic groups' micro-aggression, group affiliation, and racial visibility.

“The Forgotten People:” Analyzing the Invisible, Intersectional Discrimination Against Metis Women

“…In addition, the ignorance of Metis rights can be attributed to color-blind racism, which incorporates an ethnic denial manifested in discursive strategies that serve to maintain White racial hegemony (Hayes, 2017). Color-blind racism argues that neither race nor racism are relevant in today's society (Hayes, 2017), which makes Metis issues largely irrelevant in society. The dominant social group, in this case White people, determine when a minority presence becomes absent.…”

“…Second, Metis people could use group affiliation as a psychological strategy to reinforce their ethnicity (Hayes, 2017). The National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls interim report points out that indigenous people's loss of self-determination is a root cause of the invisible violence they experience (National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls).…”

“…The National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls interim report points out that indigenous people's loss of self-determination is a root cause of the invisible violence they experience (National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls). By becoming aware of the individuality and originality of their ethnicity and culture, Metis people can distance themselves from their oppressors and create new social rules that suit themselves and challenge the existing social ontology (Hayes, 2017). This process constructs social belonging and ethnic legitimacy, thus mitigating the negative effects of the invisibility experienced by Metis people.…”

Evolution of clinical and environmental health applications of exhaled breath research: Review of methods and instrumentation for gas-phase, condensate, and aerosols

“…While a majority of the lung cancer research has revolved around exhaled breath analysis, EBC has become a more popular breath medium for early lung cancer testing to measure proteins linked to pathogenesis. 210 In 2002, EBC from NSCLC patients was analyzed to find that interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were increased compared to healthy controls, indicating that IL-6 could serve as a potential biomarker for early cancer detection. 211 In 2004, increased endothelin-1 peptide concentrations and mutations in the p53 gene were detected in DNA extracted from the EBC of patients with NSCLC, which provided additional indicators of disease state.…”