The ionic requirements for the production of action potentials in crustacean muscle fibres

Fatt, P.; Ginsborg, B. L.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1958.sp006034

Cited by 628 publications

(298 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Invertebrates such as insects and crustaceans, have sodium-dependent action potentials in neurons, but not muscle (Fatt and Ginsborg 1958;Suzuki and Kano 1977). In contrast, protochordates such as amphioxus have sodium-dependent actions potentials in both neurons and muscle (Hagiwara and Kidokoro 1971;Holland and Williams 1990).…”

Section: Scna Gene Expression In Teleosts and Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Duplications and Evolution of Vertebrate Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

Novak¹,

Jost

et al. 2006

J Mol Evol

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Abstract.Voltage-gated sodium channels underlie action potential generation in excitable tissue.To establish the evolutionary mechanisms that shaped the vertebrate sodium channel a-subunit (SCNA) gene family and their encoded Na v 1 proteins, we identified all SCNA genes in several teleost species. Molecular cloning revealed that teleosts have eight SCNA genes, comparable to the number in another vertebrate lineage, mammals.Prior phylogenetic analyses had indicated that teleosts and tetrapods share four monophyletic groups of SCNA genes and that tandem duplications selectively expanded the number of genes in two of the four mammalian groups. However, the number of genes in each group varies between teleosts and tetrapods suggesting different evolutionary histories in the two vertebrate lineages. Our findings from phylogenetic analysis and chromosomal mapping of Danio rerio genes indicate that tandem duplications are an unlikely mechanism for generation of the extant teleost SCNA genes. Instead, analysis of other closely mapped genes in D. rerio supports the hypothesis that a whole genome duplication was involved in expansion of the SCNA gene family in teleosts. Interestingly, despite their different evolutionary histories, mRNA analyses demonstrated a conservation of expression patterns for SCNA orthologues in teleosts and tetrapods, suggesting functional conservation.

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Section: Scna Gene Expression In Teleosts and Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Duplications and Evolution of Vertebrate Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

Novak¹,

Jost

et al. 2006

J Mol Evol

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“…The permeation ratio of pCa 2ϩ /pK ϩ was calculated to be 6.3 (40), and the Ca 2ϩ conductance of the cloned RyR3 channel, determined from the current-voltage relationship between Ϫ20 and Ϫ60 mV, was 137 Ϯ 4.3 pS (n ϭ 5) under these bi-ionic conditions (Fig. 5C) (solid circles).…”

Section: Rt-pcr Cloning Of the Rabbit Uterusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization of the Recombinant Type 3 Ca2+ Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor) Expressed in HEK293 Cells

Chen

Ebisawa

et al. 1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

160

171

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To investigate the channel properties of the mammalian type 3 ryanodine receptor (RyR3), we have cloned the RyR3 cDNA from rabbit uterus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and expressed the cDNA in HEK293 cells. Immunoblotting studies showed that the cloned RyR3 was indistinguishable from the native mammalian RyR3 in molecular size and immunoreactivity. Ca 2؉ release measurements using the fluorescence Ca 2؉ indicator fluo 3 revealed that the cloned RyR3 functioned as a caffeine-and ryanodine-sensitive Ca 2؉ Ryanodine receptors are a family of intracellular Ca 2ϩ release channels that were originally identified in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) 1 of striated muscles. To date, three members of this family have been identified in mammalian tissues, namely the skeletal muscle (RyR1), the cardiac muscle (RyR2), and the brain (RyR3) ryanodine receptor. These proteins are the products of different genes and share 66 -70% amino acid sequence identity (1-5). Earlier studies using RNA blot analysis revealed that the expression patterns of these isoforms were very different (6). RyR1 was predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle, whereas RyR2 was mainly expressed in heart and brain. The expression of RyR3 was detected in smooth muscle tissues and certain regions of the brain. However, results of recent ribonuclease protection assay demonstrate that all three RyR isoforms are widely and differentially expressed (7). These studies also indicate that most tissues express more than one RyR isoform. For example, skeletal muscles express both RyR1 and RyR3, although RyR3 is expressed at a much lower level than that of RyR1.

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“…This curve intersects the m nulleline only at V = 0, so that in the V, m, h, n system there is only one singular point A. The fact that the complete equations have no saddle point made it difficult to understand why they had such a sharp threshold (Cole, Antosiewicz, and Rabinowitz (1955) ;FitzHugh (1955) ; FitzHugh and Antosiewicz (1959)). This sharp threshold can now be explained by the saddle point B which does exist for h and n near their resting values in the V, m reduced system.…”

Section: Complete V M H N Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If so, the H-H equations may still adequately describe the principal events which take place during the normal action potential, but require further modification for the TEA case. It is interesting that in crustacean muscle fibers soaked in TEA there is an increase of Ca ++ conductance (which is not represented at all in the H-H equations), and Ca ++ replaces Na + in its role of producing an action potential (Fatt and Ginsborg (1958)). …”

Section: Current--voltage Representationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thresholds and Plateaus in the Hodgkin-Huxley Nerve Equations

Fitzhugh

1960

The Journal of General Physiology

445

200

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Phase space methods and an analog computer are used to analyze the Hodgkin-Huxley non-linear differential equations for the squid giant axon membrane. V is the membrane potential, m the Na+ activation, h the Na+ inactivation, and n the K+ activation. V and m change rapidly, relative to h and n. The (V, m) phase plane of a reduced system of equations, with h and n held constant at their resting values, has three singular points: a stable resting point, a threshold saddle point, and a stable excited point. When h and n are allowed to vary, recovery and refractoriness result from the movement with subsequent disappearance of the threshold and excited points. Multiplying the time constant of n by 100 or more, and that of h by one-third, reproduces the experimental plateau action potentials obtained with tetraethylammonium by Tasaki and Hagiwara, including the phenomena of abolition and of refractoriness of the plateau duration. The equations have, transiently, two stable states, as found in the real axon by these authors. Since the theoretical membrane conductance curves differ significantly from the experimental ones, further experimental analysis of ionic currents with tetraethylammonium is needed to decide whether the Hodgkin-Huxley model can be generalized to explain these experiments completely.

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The ionic requirements for the production of action potentials in crustacean muscle fibres

Cited by 628 publications

References 14 publications

Gene Duplications and Evolution of Vertebrate Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

Gene Duplications and Evolution of Vertebrate Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

Functional Characterization of the Recombinant Type 3 Ca2+ Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor) Expressed in HEK293 Cells

Thresholds and Plateaus in the Hodgkin-Huxley Nerve Equations

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