The ionospheric response to interplanetary magnetic field variations: Evidence for rapid global change and the role of preconditioning in the magnetosphere

Review of electromagnetic coupling between the Earth's atmosphere and the space environment

“…MHD waves arrive last at the Alfven speed. This result can explain recent observations indicating the presence of some processes in which the magnetosphere and the ionosphere communicate faster than the Alfven wave travel time (Lockwood and Cowley, 1999;Watanabe et al, 2000). The highest frequencies carried electric field perturbations where as the current perturbations are mostly carried by the whistler mode.…”

An Overview of Ionosphere—Thermosphere Models Available for Space Weather Purposes

“…Bremer 1988;Karpachev et al 1995;Watanabe et al 2000;Belehaki and Tsagouri 2002), supporting the argument that the IMF observations in the near Earth's vicinity could be used as drivers to ionospheric forecasting models. Based on past developments (Belehaki and Tsagouri 2002;Tsagouri and Belehaki 2006) and on the existing literature (Gonzalez and Tsurutani 1987;Tsurutani and Gonzalez 1995;Gonzalez et al 1999), a set of conditions have been identified in the solar wind ) that should be fulfilled in order to issue an alert for forthcoming ionospheric disturbances:…”

An upgrade of the solar-wind-driven empirical model for the middle latitude ionospheric storm-time response

“…Bremer, 1988;Karpachev et al, 1995;Watanabe et al, 2000;Belehaki and Tsagouri, 2002), supporting the argument that monitoring of the IMF conditions in the near-Earth's vicinity could significantly help ionospheric forecasting purposes. Currently, real-time IMF observations are available from the NASA ACE spacecraft, which performs measurements over a wide range of energies and nuclear masses, under all solar wind flow conditions, from the vantage L1 point.…”