The Issues of the Air-Fuel Ratio in Exhaust Emissions Tests Carried out on a Chassis Dynamometer

Abstract

Vehicle exhaust emission tests use exhaust sampling systems that dilute the exhaust gas with ambient air. The dilution factor DF is calculated assuming that the combustion is complete, and that the engine is operated at a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (AFR). These assumptions are not always met. This is especially true for diesel engines. This article discusses the tests to find out what the average lambda (λ) over the ARTEMIS, WLTC and NEDC driving cycles is and how this affects the result of the emission measurements. Measurements were carried out on a chassis dynamometer equipped with a standard emission measurement system used during the homologation. The λ was calculated using the Brettschneider equation. The dilution ratio DR was also determined by measuring the CO2 concentration in the raw exhaust gas. The CO2-tracer method used for this was modified. The median of the λ for a CI vehicle was 1.23–3.31, which makes the relative percentage difference between the DF and DR (DDF) in the range of 28–167%. For a SI vehicle homologated under the WLTP procedure, the median of the λ for the WLTC and ARTEMIS cycles was close to one and DDF for most cycles does not exceed 10%. In order to reduce the influence of the error of DF determination on the result of the emission measurement, it is recommended to use exhaust gas sampling systems that allow to determine the actual dilution ratio or to use the lowest possible dilution. The PAS-CVS system seems to be the most promising.

Exhaust Emissions from Euro 6 Vehicles in WLTC and RDE—Part 2: Verification by Experimental Measurement

“…Grzelak et al [33] (2021) indicated that the use of various calculation methods may result in approximately 7% underestimation of road CO 2 emission results when testing LPG-powered vehicles. This was also confirmed by Gis et al [34] (2021), indicating that the interchangeable treatment of indicators (dilution ratio and dilution factor) in mathematical calculations of exhaust emissions affected the measurement error of CO 2 concentration by 0.4%, CO by a maximum of 4%, and NO x by 1%.…”