The iterative self‐consistent reaction‐field method: The refractive index of pure water

Abstract

ABSTRACT:We present different microscopic models for describing electromagnetic properties of condensed phases and the models involve iterative self-consistent procedures for calculating the properties. We report calculations of the frequency-dependent refractive index of pure water. We investigate the importance of the first solvation shell and nonequilibrium solvent configurations, and present a procedure for estimating appropriate cavity sizes.

Measurement of the Content of Water Using Light Penetration

“…Base on light theory, the light can't go through if something solid present in front of the sensor or light source [2,3,8,47,52]. The light can go through if the blockers have properties can be penetrated by a light, the other factor can disturbing the moving the light is the refractive index and it will depend on the blockers properties [29,30,34,42,[53][54][55].…”

“…However, the jig must include a chamber to ensure that the unused light is blocked [2]. Another factor that causes the inconsistent decrease in the graph is the material inside the tissue; for example, alkali, acid, water content, etc [30,31,34,39,44,53,[57][58][59]. The refraction effect also makes the value captured by the sensor decrease rapidly.…”

“…Based on previous studies, we chose an apple as the soft tissue subject as it has low water content in the tissue. In (1) addition, an apple with skin normally takes 19 days to be destroyed, and one without skin 10 days, due to the chemical reaction and changes in the structure of the tissue [27][28][29][30][31]. Based on previous studies, comparisons with other fruits and vegetables showed that the apple has less water and is more suited to such optical testing [32,33].…”

“…By putting the apple sample into the freezer we can extend the chemical reaction time. Other than that, it is not so easy to damage the subject tissue [24,[27][28][29][30]. Based on previous studies, the tissues of fruit are destroyed because of the water content inside and normally fruits with more water content are easy to damage, for example, compared to apples blackcurrants are easily damaged in less than a day [32,36,37].…”

“…The materials of the apple tissue, including water, protein, fat, fibre, moisture, lipids and ash, among others, ensure that light is blocked when penetrating the tissue [30,[37][38][39][40]. Other than that, the properties of the materials inside the tissue, such as the quantity of acid, alkali, sugar, and others mineral contents, affect the refraction index when light penetrates the apple tissue [1,4,41].…”