The journey towards elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: not far, nor easy

Franco, José R.; Simarro, Pere P.; Diarra, Abdoulaye; Postigo, Jorge; Jannin, J.

doi:10.1017/s0031182013002102

Cited by 109 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…127 This led to the feeling that the disease was tackled and would soon be eliminated, despite the fact that there was not a clear objective of elimination, and a subsequent surveillance system was established 128. In the following years, coinciding with the independence process in the majority of African countries, the expenditures for HAT were reduced, and awareness and surveillance of the disease decreased.…”

Section: Incidence Of the Disease And Time Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis

Franco¹,

Simarro²,

Diarra³

et al. 2014

CLEP

263

230

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Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is a chronic form of the disease present in western and central Africa, and by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which is an acute disease located in eastern and southern Africa. The rhodesiense form is a zoonosis, with the occasional infection of humans, but in the gambiense form, the human being is regarded as the main reservoir that plays a key role in the transmission cycle of the disease. The gambiense form currently assumes that 98% of the cases are declared; the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most affected country, with more than 75% of the gambiense cases declared. The epidemiology of the disease is mediated by the interaction of the parasite (trypanosome) with the vectors (tsetse flies), as well as with the human and animal hosts within a particular environment. Related to these interactions, the disease is confined in spatially limited areas called “foci”, which are located in Sub-Saharan Africa, mainly in remote rural areas. The risk of contracting HAT is, therefore, determined by the possibility of contact of a human being with an infected tsetse fly. Epidemics of HAT were described at the beginning of the 20th century; intensive activities have been set up to confront the disease, and it was under control in the 1960s, with fewer than 5,000 cases reported in the whole continent. The disease resurged at the end of the 1990s, but renewed efforts from endemic countries, cooperation agencies, and nongovernmental organizations led by the World Health Organization succeeded to raise awareness and resources, while reinforcing national programs, reversing the trend of the cases reported, and bringing the disease under control again. In this context, sustainable elimination of the gambiense HAT, defined as the interruption of the transmission of the disease, was considered as a feasible target for 2030. Since rhodesiense HAT is a zoonosis, where the animal reservoir plays a key role, the interruption of the disease’s transmission is not deemed feasible.

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Section: Incidence Of the Disease And Time Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis

Franco¹,

Simarro²,

Diarra³

et al. 2014

CLEP

263

230

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“…30,31 Although the present number of cases seems negligible on a worldwide scale, great socioeconomic effects on the endemic areas by this disease are forecast if inadequate attention (both at the communal, national, and international levels) is not given. 7,29,[32][33][34] Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the Leishmania type, which is also transmitted by certain types of sandflies. 35,36 The diseases are reported by the WHO to be responsible for about 1 million new cases leading to approximately 30,000 deaths annually on a global scale.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Compounds from African Medicinal Plants with Activities against Protozoal Diseases: Schistosomiasis, Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis

Cv¹,

Ntie‐Kang²,

Sh.³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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An absolute configuration of 5R seems to decrease activity of the compound IntroductionProtozoa may be considered as microscopic, essentially single-celled, eukaryotic organisms that are free-living or parasitic (obtaining their food by eating other organisms or their products) in nature. Parasitic protozoal diseases continue to be a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality globally. 1,2Parasitic protozoal diseases include malaria, 3,4 trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease), 5-7 leishmaniasis 8 and schistosomiasis. 9,10 They threaten almost one-third of the world's population, the most numerous incidents being recorded in over 100 Tropical and developing countries and territories, Figure 1. 11,12 Malaria, for example, was reported by the WHO, to be responsible for approximately 214 million sickness cases and 438,000 deaths globally in 2017. 13 The African region recorded the most death-related cases, especially amongst infants below the age of 5 and pregnant women. Schistosomiasis, caused by parasites of the Schistosoma genus are responsible for about 200 million sickness cases and about 280,000 death-related incidents annually worldwide.9,10,14 Only one drug (praziquantel) has been proven to be effective in the treatment of human schistosomiasis, with no vaccine available or in development so far.15-21 Serious concerns about drug selectivity and resistance were raised in 2013 when over 30 million people were treated in Sub-Saharan Africa. 20 Moreover, observed resistance and reduced efficiency of praziquantel in laboratory strains have prompted the search for alternative therapeutic strategies. Trypanosomiasis, which represents several diseases caused by parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, is also of interest. 5,27,29 This disease, which is much arguably the most important disease of man and domesticated animals, accounts for over 8 million reported annual cases globally, especially in the tropical regions of Latin America and Africa. 30,31 Although the present number of cases seems negligible on a worldwide scale, great socioeconomic effects on the endemic areas by this disease are forecast if inadequate attention (both at the communal, national, and international levels) is not given. 7,29,[32][33][34] Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the Leishmania type, which is also transmitted by certain types of sandflies. 35,36 The diseases are reported by the WHO to be responsible for about 1 million new cases leading to approximately 30,000 deaths annually on a global scale. The major cause is linked to environmental changes A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C TArticle history:English abstract: Parasitic diseases continue represent a threat on a global scale, particularly among the poorest countries in the world. This is particularly because of the absence of vaccines, and in some cases, resistance against available drugs, currently being used for their treatment. In this review emphasis is laid on natural products and scaffolds from African medicinal plants (AMPs) for lead drug di...

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“…black or blue cloth) insecticide treated traps and targets; sterile insect release; and insecticide treatment of cattle (ICT) (Welburn et al 2009). A total of 13 Sleeping Sickness National Control Programs are developing vector control activities (out of 24 countries reporting HAT cases) (Franco et al 2014), although in some countries institutions other than national control programs are also engaged in vector control activities.…”

Section: Prevention Treatment Control Of Hatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human African trypanosomiasis prevention, treatment and control costs: A systematic review

et al. 2015

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The control and eventual elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) requires the expansion of current control and surveillance activities. A systematic review of the published literature on the costs of HAT prevention, treatment, and control, in addition to the economic burden, was conducted. All studies that contained primary or secondary data on costs of prevention, treatment and control were considered, resulting in the inclusion of 42 papers. The geographically focal nature of the disease and a lack of standardization in the cost data limit the usefulness of the available information for making generalizations across diverse settings. More recent information on the costs of treatment and control interventions for HAT is needed to provide accurate information for analyses and planning. The cost information contained herein can be used to inform rational decision making in control and elimination programs, and to assess potential synergies with existing vector-borne disease control programs, but programs would benefit significantly from new cost data collection.

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The journey towards elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: not far, nor easy

Cited by 109 publications

References 44 publications

Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis

Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis

Compounds from African Medicinal Plants with Activities against Protozoal Diseases: Schistosomiasis, Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis

Human African trypanosomiasis prevention, treatment and control costs: A systematic review

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