The Juvenile Baboon as a Model for Studies
of Lead Poisoning in Children

Cohen, N.; Kneip, T.J.; Goldstein, David H.; Muchmore, E.A.S.

doi:10.1159/000460377

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It is interesting that 14 of the affected primates were juveniles that varied in age from 6 to 30 months, while the remaining 20 animals were adults. Fisher (14) reported a case of lead poisoning in the gorilla, and Cohen et al (15) produced convulsions in baboons following the administration of lead. In addition, McIntosh (16) and Hausman et al (17) reported cases of lead intoxication in adult nonhuman primates.…”

Section: Experimental Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathobiological and Behavioral Effects of Lead Intoxication in the Infant Rhesus Monkey

Allen¹,

McWey²,

Suomi³

1974

Environ Health Perspect

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When infant rhesus monkeys were exposed to lead via the addition of lead acetate (0.5-9 mg/kg body weight) to their formula or by the consumption of lead particles from lead-based surrogate mothers, they developed symptoms of lead intoxication within 6 weeks. Seizures, muscular tremors, and altered social interaction were the predominant changes. Visual impairment was also apparent in the more severely affected animals. In the animals showing obvious symptoms lead levels varied between 300 to 500 ,g/100 ml of blood. Even in those animals having blood lead levels below 100 ,ug, hyperactivity and insomnia were observed. When the exposure to lead was eliminated, seizures subsided and visual impairment was reduced; however, the abnormal social interaction persisted. These animals also experienced a gradual decline in hematocrit and hemoglobin values during the period of examination. Liver and kidney biopsies obtained from these leadexposed animals revealed characteristic intranuclear inclusions.When adolescent and adult monkeys were exposed to doses of lead acetate similar to those employed in the infant experiments, lead levels in excess of 200 Mg/100 ml of blood were recorded. However, there were no obvious behavioral abnormalities observed. There were, however, numerous lead inclusion bodies in kidney biopsy specimens from these animals.These data suggest that, like man, the infant nonhuman primate is much more susceptible to lead intoxication than is the adult. The clinical and behavioral changes recorded in these infant rhesus monkeys suggest their use as an experimental model to evaluate lead intoxication.The injurious effects of excessive exposure to lead by man and lower animals have been known since ancient times. In spite of r-

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Section: Experimental Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathobiological and Behavioral Effects of Lead Intoxication in the Infant Rhesus Monkey

Allen¹,

McWey²,

Suomi³

1974

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Two reports describe infant to juve nile baboons fed small amounts of organic lead in paint [9,27], Oral admi nistration of inorganic lead has been reported in 16 adult [15], 20 juvenile [9,21,27], four infant [6], an unspecified number of infant, juvenile, and adult rhesus monkeys [2,11,24], and in eight infant [9] and one juvenile baboon [8]. Only one of these [8] received oral paint or paint pigment as the source of inorganic lead, and then, for only 180 days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Lead Paint Poisoning in Nonhuman Primates

Bc¹,

Wt²,

Jl³

et al. 1976

J Med Primatol

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Lead-containing paints were administered orally to 27 rhesus monkeys for periods of 18-667 days. Lead acetate was fed to nine monkeys of three different species for 9-156 days. Excretion of one week’s dose of lead in six primates ranged from 35 to 94 %. The animals incurred moderate to extreme elevations of lead in blood, most lost weight, or had depressed weight gains, and developed Burtonian lines, some died suddenly and unexpectedly, and many terminated in a moribund state with profound anemia. Only one neonate had obvious signs of lead encephalopathy. The monkeys’ ages, dose and source of lead, and possibly other factors, affected their response to lead.

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“…Precedent for this interpretation is found in the balance studies of Kehoe (14) who observed transient increases in blood lead concentration of similar magnitude in association with transient increases in the alimentary intake of lead. Similarly, recent studies in baboons (15) (18) and experimental data (1, 6) strongly implicate iron deficiency as the factor most likely to account for the marked difference in metabolic effect observed. Data in adults suggest that erythrocyte protoporphyrin is, perhaps, the most sensitive index of both latent and manifest iron deficiency (19).…”

Section: Data)mentioning

confidence: 57%

Variations in Hematologic Responses to Increased Lead Absorption in Young Children

Chisolm¹,

Mellits²,

Keil³

et al. 1974

Environ Health Perspect

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In the study of human populations, much emphasis is placed on the concentration of lead in whole peripheral blood. There is a considerable body of evidence which indicates that this measurement reflects recent and current assimilation of lead. While broad ranges in blood lead concentration have been associated with differing risks of toxicity for groups, it is not a precise index of adverse effect per se, even at elevated levels. Within the red blood cell itself there is not a close association between the concentration of lead and such adverse metabolic effects as the increased loss of potassium caused by lead. Above the apparent "threshold zone" of approximately ,sg Pb/100 ml whole blood, equivalent metabolic effects on heme synthesis may be seen over an interval of at least 20 ,ug Pb/100 ml whole blood. This variation will be examined with particular reference to the interrelationship between the concentrations of lead and protoporphyrin in peripheral blood. The data indicate that limitations in both precision and accuracy of measurement account for a relatively small fraction of the observed variations. Together with other experimental and clinical information, they suggest that concurrent dietary deficiency of iron may be one of the important modifying factors in the responses of subjects with increased lead absorption. It is suggested that suspected adverse effects upon the various organ systems associated with increased lead absorption be measured directly and that the CaEDTA mobilization test for lead should be more fully explored as a measure of the "metabolically active" fraction of the total body lead burden.

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The Juvenile Baboon as a Model for Studies of Lead Poisoning in Children

Cited by 13 publications

References 6 publications

Pathobiological and Behavioral Effects of Lead Intoxication in the Infant Rhesus Monkey

Pathobiological and Behavioral Effects of Lead Intoxication in the Infant Rhesus Monkey

Experimental Lead Paint Poisoning in Nonhuman Primates

Variations in Hematologic Responses to Increased Lead Absorption in Young Children

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