Subtype-dependent selection of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase resistance mutation K65R was previously observed in cell culture and small clinical investigations. We compared K65R prevalence across subtypes A, B, C, F, G, and CRF02_AG separately in a cohort of 3,076 patients on combination therapy including tenofovir. K65R selection was significantly higher in HIV-1 subtype C. This could not be explained by clinical and demographic factors in multivariate analysis, suggesting subtype sequence-specific K65R pathways.
Clinical relevance has been attributed to HIV-1 genomic diversity, classified in distinct groups and subtypes, since genetic variation can affect mutational pathways to drug resistance and possibly effectiveness of combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) (1, 2). The likelihood and rate of developing the lysine-toarginine resistance mutation at position 65 (K65R) of reverse transcriptase (RT) has been argued to vary depending on the viral subtype (3). In particular, studies have proposed lower and higher propensities to develop K65R mutation for subtypes A and C, respectively. However, studies reporting subtype dependency of K65R selection were based mainly on observations from cell culture experiments or from patient populations with limited sample size or subtype distribution (3-5). Other studies failed to detect similar associations (6, 7). While many clinical predictors of K65R selection have been identified to date (8, 9), a clear consensus on the role of genomic diversity is presently lacking. A large majority of K65R cases observed in recent years resulted from the administration of tenofovir (TDF) (10), which is currently the most widely used nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI) for first-line cART. Given the rising prevalence of non-B subtypes in Europe and treatment availability in other parts of the world, improved knowledge on subtype-specific K65R resistance pathways can be important in the planning of cART for HIV-1 non-B-infected patients.This study aimed specifically to evaluate the reported subtype-dependent selection of K65R rather than to identify novel predictors of its presence. We retrospectively investigated the emergence of K65R across different subtypes in a large TDFexperienced patient population, by integrating clinical and viral sequence data from eight countries (Belgium, Germany, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) in collaboration with the EuResist consortium. Viral isolates were obtained from genotypic resistance testing, recommended in case of therapy failure, while on treatment with a viral load high enough to allow successful sequencing. Together with information on demographics, treatment experience, and genotypic resistance profiles, we collected for each patient the most recent viral isolate while receiving TDF-based therapy, with a minimum of 30 days between the beginning of this therapy and the sampling date. When consecutive viral sequences were available, the first viral sequence containing K65R was selected. Patients were excluded if K65R was de...