“…In recent years, great progress has been made in our understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms that underlie the uptake, translocation, detoxification, and accumulation of HMs in nonmycorrhizal plants (Clemens & Ma, 2016;Fasani, Manara, Martini, Furini, & Dalcorso, 2018;Luo, He, Polle, & Rennenberg, 2016;Shao, Yamaji, Shen, & Ma, 2017), as well as in mycorrhizal plants (Ho-Man et al, 2013;Luo et al, 2014). In this review, we first describe recent 2.1 | Physiological mechanisms underlying HM accumulation 2.1.1 | Uptake and transport of HMs via apoplastic and symplastic pathways HM ions in the soil solution move according to their respective concentration gradients.…”